Produced by:
Sport Ontario
in partnership with:
Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation
Ministère du Tourisme et des Loisirs
Sport Ontario is an advocacy organization which is often referred to as the "voice of sport" in the Province. its membership is comprised of Provincial Sport Organizations (PSOs) and it exists to advance the general interests of sport through educational, advisory, recognition, lobbying and collaborative activities.
The advocacy mandate of Sport Ontario is anchored by the following guiding principles:
Sport Ontario has represented its members through letters, briefs and presentations to the Provincial Government in efforts to protect the base budget allocations of public funds to Provincial Sport Organizations. The organization has also been actively involved in initiatives related to gaming and the marketing of sport in Ontario. In 1993 Sport Ontario in collaboration with the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation will be hosting a Sport Forum to allow sport partners to discuss and shape the future of Ontario's amateur sport system.
Sport Ontario is a not-for-profit organization governed by a volunteer Board of Directors and is housed, in the Ontario Sport Centre in Willowdale, Ontario. it is financially supported through membership fees, donations, project-specific government grants and self-generated revenues.
Association of Ontario Sport Administrators
Boxing Ontario
Canadian Intramural Recreation Association - Ontario
Canoe Ontario
Dive Ontario
Federation of Broomball Associations of Ontario
Field Hockey Ontario
Hockey Development Centre - Ontario
Horseshoe Ontario
Judo Ontario
Karate Ontario
Kendo Ontario
Ontario Amateur Basketball Association
Ontario Amateur Football Association
Ontario Amateur Netball Association
Ontario Amateur Wrestling Association
Ontario Association of Archers
Ontario Badminton Association
Ontario Ball Hockey Association
Ontario Baseball Association
Ontario Baton Twirling Association
Ontario Bobsleigh Association
Ontario Colleges Athletic Association
Ontario Council of Shooters
Ontario Cricket Association
Ontario Curling Federation
Ontario Cycling Association
Ontario Deaf Sports Association
Ontario Equestrian Federation
Ontario Federation of Amateur Roller Skaters
Ontario Federation of School Athletic Associations
Ontario Figure Skating Association
Ontario Five Pin Bowlers' Association
Ontario Fly and Bait Casting Association
Ontario Golf Association - Men
Ontario Gymnastic Federation
Ontario Handgun Association
Ontario Hang Gliding Association
Ontario Hockey Association
Ontario Jiu-Jitsu Association
Ontario Lacrosse Association
Ontario Ladies Golf Association
Ontario Lawn Bowls
Ontario Physical and Health Education Association
Ontario Powerlifting Association
Ontario Ringette Association
Ontario Rowing Association
Ontario Rugby Union
Ontario Sailing Association
Ontario Ski Council
Ontario Smallbore Federation
Ontario Soaring Association
Ontario Soccer Association
Ontario Special Olympics
Ontario Speed Skating Association
Ontario Sports Centre Incorporated
Ontario Table Tennis Association
Ontario Taekwondo Association
Ontario Tennis Association
Ontario Ten Pin Bowling Council
Ontario Track and Field Association
Ontario University Athletic Association
Ontario Volleyball Association
Ontario Water Polo Association
Ontario Water Ski Association
Ontario Weightlifting Association
Ontario Women's Interuniversity Athletic Association
Orienteering Ontario
Racquetball Ontario
Royal Life Savings Society of Canada - Ontario
Sport for Disabled - Ontario
Sport Parachuting Clubs of Ontario
Swim Ontario
Synchro Ontario
For The Love Of Sport was produced and financed jointly by Sport Ontario and the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation.
The Project Research Team consisted of the following friends of sport:
David Carmichael, Jeff Carmichael, Robert Coughlin, Bob Hedley, Liz MacDonald and Sue Vail (Coordinator).
Thanks also go to Anna Hoffmann, Danielle Calclana and Dan Trinca for their much-needed assistance.
Special thanks to those who volunteered to review our draft material:
Phyllis Berck, Howard Bernie, Jim Bradley, Peter Budreo, Janet Gates, Terry Johnston, Sharon Kallaste, Larry Ketcheson, Mary Keyes, Ken Lane, John Macintrye, Roger McEwan, Peter McLaren, Clay Melnike, Bob Wood, Diane Wood and Bob Wright
Copyright Ó 1992 Sport Ontario
For the Love of Sport has been prepared for use by the volunteers and staff working within Ontario's amateur sport system whether they be at the provincial, regional or community club level. The title of the Resource Kit captures the two-edged sword that many of us find ourselves dealing with in our sport involvement. It is the love of sport that drives us to spend those many hours each week organizing, coaching and attending meetings; however, it is also our love of sport that blinds us to the fact that many people do not value sport whether for themselves, their children or as a worthwhile financial investment.
This Resource Kit is designed to help sport leaders promote sport. It contains information, guidelines and most importantly, quotable facts that will help support both your organization's activities and the healthy development of Ontario's sport system.
It is not enough to assume that the general public will see the benefits of sport, especially when the media focus is so often on violence and drugs. It is not enough to assume that levels of government will see fit to expend public funds on sport when there are shortages of hospital beds and high unemployment. it is not enough to assume that corporations and small businesses will donate money and supplies to sport when many are downsizing or on the edge of bankruptcy. These things won't happen by themselves.
The time has come to speak clearly and convince the rest of the world of what we have always known about sport and its contributions to our own wellbeing and the wellbeing of our families and our Province.
For the Love of Sport has been carefully compiled from a number of sources. Published articles and books were identified through the information retrieval systems at York University; unpublished reports were gathered from governments, Statistics Canada and friends of sport. The data related to the economic impact of sport events were provided by those Provincial Sport Organizations referenced in the Kit.
The Kit has been divided into two major sections.
Part One, Just For the Love of Sport, serves to remind us why we love sport. When you feel strongly, even passionately, about something, it is often difficult to find the words to explain your feelings to someone else. We hope to provide you with some words that will help you remind and educate those who do not understand the importance of sport. An overview of the Canadian
Community Sport System has also been included to show you where your organization fits into the bigger picture.
Part Two, Just the Facts About Sport, provides you with a variety of information that may be useful to you in the development of communication materials for use with specific target groups. It consists of a series of quotable facts that describe the physical, social and psychological benefits of sport for children, adults and older adults. These facts are followed by evidence of the economic impact of sport in Ontario, nationally and internationally.
We hope that these sport facts will assist you in making convincing arguments to a variety of audiences from municipal recreation directors to school boards.
For the love of sport, it's time to act.
We would like your feedback on this document. Please write to Sport Ontario at the address on the following page and/or fill out and forward the enclosed Update Sheet so that the next edition of For the Love of Sport better meets your needs.
For Further Information on Sport
For additional information on For The Love of Sport write:
Sport Ontario
Coordinator
For the Love of Sport Resource Kit
1220 Sheppard Avenue East
Willowdale, Ontario
M2K 2X1
Telephone: (416) 495-4097
Fax: (416) 495-4310
The Parks and Recreation Federation of Ontario (PRFO) has recently published a catalogue on the benefits of recreation. The purpose of this catalogue is "to provide a resource and catalyst that can be used to reposition, promote and provide recreation services that truly are essential". For information on The Benefits of Parks and Recreation: A Catalogue write:
Chair, Recreation: An Essential Service
Parks and Recreation Federation of Ontario
1220 Sheppard Avenue East
Willowdale, Ontario
M2K 2X1
Telephone: (416) 495-4088
Fax: (416) 495-3443
For the Love of Sport Resource Kit
Even though the scan for factual evidence has been extensive, new information will surface and should be put into this Kit. Please take the opportunity to contribute to future editions of For the Love of Sport by submitting information using this update sheet. Thank you.
Fact Area (check mark)
Source (include the author, date, title, journal name, volume, pages, publisher and
location of publisher). If you can send us the full source document or a copy of it,
please do so.
_______________________________________________
Statement/Description
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Your Name, Contact Address and Telephone
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Please return this form to:
Sport Ontario
Coordinator
For the Love of Sport Resource Kit
1220 Sheppard Avenue East
Willowdale, Ontario
M2K 2X1
The potential uses of the Kit are many. It has been organized so that it may be used in its entirety or in pieces. The "Facts" sections have been organized so that you can use the statements you need and reference the original authors. Listed below are just a few examples of how you could use this information.
We want you to use this information so that it will have the greatest positive impact for your sport and your community. Let's be sure that all Ontarians know what sport has to offer.
For the love of sport, it's time to act.
The tips that follow are meant to introduce you to the concept of social marketing and to help you choose and build communications activities (eg. articles, presentations) to support your promotion of sport.
Philip Kotler, a leading American writer on this subject, defined social marketing as "the design, implementation and control of programs designed to influence the acceptability of a social idea or cause by a target group. Examples such as ParticipACTION's "sixty year old Swede" campaign or he Parks and Recreation Federation of Ontario's "Make the Active Choice" anti-drug campaign are good examples of successful social marketing efforts.
Our mission is to influence corporate sponsors, government officials, school principals, doctors and parents about the value of sport, such that they actively support our amateur sport system.
Social marketing is really a carefully managed process to influence social change, both from a behaviour and a policy perspective. How do we convince governments that Sport is an essential service? How do we convince teachers that Sport is an integral part of education? How do we convince corporations that Sport is a profitable marketing partner?
Social marketing is not just blitzing the media with general sport messages. It involves very specific steps. We must:
Here are some steps that may help you to put the information in this Resource Kit to work for your sport or all sport. It is less important to follow these steps in order and more important to proceed in a way that is comfortable for you.
The following process has been modified based on information from a publication of the Ontario Ministry of Health entitled: Social Marketing in Health Promotion: A Communications Guide (1992).
Step One: Getting Started
What specific issue do you want to focus on?
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What are the facts?
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Who is affected by this issue?
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What resources will be needed to address this issue?
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How much time will be needed?
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Step Two: Planning Your Strategy
What exactly do you want to achieve?
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Who are you trying to influence?
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Why should they change their attitudes or behaviour?
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How, when and where will you reach them?
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How will you know if your approach is working?
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Step Three: Getting the Message Out Developing Your Materials
How will you communicate the facts in the most effective manner?
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How will you test the tools that you have created to promote sport?
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Step Four: Writing Your Communication Plan
Who will manage the plan?
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How will you put your plan on paper so that your Board and key volunteers will understand
and buy in?
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Step Five: Implementing the Plan
How will all those working on the plan implementation communicate and help each other
solve problems?
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How will progress be assessed?
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Step Six: Measuring Results
What did you accomplish? Were objectives met?
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What worked and what didn't?
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Should this approach be used again?
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How will you share the benefits of your experience with others?
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To say that the amateur sport system in Canada is complex is at best an understatement. The acronyms alone are enough to intimidate the most ardent sportist. However, what follows is an attempt to depict the sport community infrastructure in Canada. The figures identify major partners in the amateur sport family from the community level to the national level. This figure is a modified version of a diagram included in the Minister's Task Force on Federal Sport Policy entitled: Sport: The Way Ahead (1992).
The Sport Community Infrastructure:
International and National Levels
The Sport Community Infrastructure:
Provincial and Community Levels
"Nobody has ever been able to say what sport is quite. But life would hardly be the same without it Perhaps that's because sport means a number of opposite things. It is as tangible as a golf club and has intangible as a dewy morning; exciting as a photo finish, serene as ebb tide. It is competition composure, memory, anticipation. Sport is not all things to all people. But today it is something in more different ways to more people than it has ever been before. It is play for many and work for a few. It is what no one has to do and almost everyone wants to do. it represents, on the one hand challenges willingly accepted - and on the other hand, gambits willingly declined. It's colours are as bright as cardinal's feathers; as soft as midnight on a mountain trail. It is as loud as a stadium at the climax of a World Series - and as quiet as snow. It is exercise and rest. It is man exuberant and man, content - Sport is a wonderful world" Sports Illustrated (1981:108).
What is the magic of sport? What makes it such a powerful influence in each of our lives? The answers to these questions may be different for each of us but every response will come from the heart.
Sport touches the lives of so many people. Sport is for the young and the old; the athletically gifted and the "duffer"; the able-bodied and the challenged; girls and boys and women and men. Many Ontarians choose sport as an activity of personal expression; ball diamonds and arenas are the social centres of our communities; newspapers are chock full of pictures of local sport heros and heroines, and we all know whether the Jays have improved their standing since the previous night's game.
At a time when "bad news" is all around us in the form of no jobs, no money and high stress, sport is "good news". Sport often helps us to forget the worries of daily life. We enjoy a good workout; we take great pleasure in watching our children participate; we look forward to cheering our athletes on as they represent Canada at each Olympics. It's powerful energy!
Through sport we can freely express ourselves both physically and emotionally. It allows many of us to experience the pleasures of play and personal development. Sport is also about testing oneself, learning, allowing the competitive spirit to flourish in the pursuit of individual excellence and winning. It helps us learn about cooperation, competition, fair play, teamwork, self-discipline and respect for others.
There are three characteristics that are generally agreed to as being significant components of sport: competition - the striving to exceed the performance of others or one's own previous performance; physical prowess - the importance of physical skill developed through exertion and practice; and organization - the presence of rules to provide structure (Berger and Wankel, 1991).
"When competition is kept in perspective everyone can achieve excellence. It is a matter of attitude and intention rather than where you are in the standing." (Fitness and Amateur Sport, 1991: 65)
Sport is by nature competitive. It is based on the innate desire to move and to compete with one's self, against others or against the forces of nature. Life is also competitive. Sport helps to prepare each of us for the "ups and downs" that are part of day to day living.
Through sporting activities we strive to become excellent. Contrary to popular opinion, excellence is not the exclusive property of high performance athletes. We all have the opportunity to define personal excellence goals, whether those goals involve improvement in skill development, mobility, fitness levels or performance results.
Regardless of the words used to define sport, it is important to value all ways that people choose to be physically active at all stages of their lives.
"All Participants have the right to define and pursue their level of competence; to self-determine by nature of their desire to participate and excel." (Tennis Canada, 1992:7)
We often forget that all Canadian athletes have their roots in a town or city somewhere in Canada. Our community sport systems provide the essential groundwork that allows these select athletes to experience some of the most exciting and challenging years of their lives. Their home community and the rest of Canada then share in the successes and failures of our new sporting hero or heroine.
The impact that the outstanding performances of Canada's best athletes have on each one of us and our communities is phenomenal. In the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, hurdler Mark McKoy of Willowdale captured the gold and all of Ontario felt the excitement, the sense of satisfaction and the pride of being a Canadian. Who wasn't cheering for rower Silken Laumann, the twenty-seven year old native of Mississauga who, after sustaining a massive injury to her right leg two short months before Barcelona, walked away with a bronze medal?
In 1991 when Daniel Nestor defeated Stephan Edberg in a Davis Cup match, the Ontario Tennis Association's telephones were ringing off the hook with calls from young boys wanting to learn how to play tennis. We often underestimate the power and influence that our top athletes have on community level participation and our feelings about being Canadian.
When it seems that there is little to smile about, one only has to turn to the sport section of the-local paper and read how the girls fastball team "brought out the lumber" against their worthy opponents and did the town proud. It doesn't solve the problems, but is does help to put things. in perspective and offer some respite.
A recent report by Decima Research (1991) found that 94% of all respondents felt that Canadian involvement in international high performance sport is an important aspect of national life. One could argue that it is an even more important aspect of community life and community identity. Decima also found that the majority of Canadians (90%) agree that sport is just as much an element of Canadian culture as music, films or literature.
The fact that sport is being viewed as a part of the cultural fabric that makes up this country must be recognized and understood by those of us attempting to develop community sport in Ontario.
We must be careful to protect our sport systems and to remind governments and others about the role of sport in providing communities with their respective sense of identity and togetherness, especially in tough economic times.
It has been said that sport speaks directly to the young. In a time when our youth have more and more difficult choices to make, sport is an active and positive choice. it is a tool that we as community sport activists can use to help our children, and in doing so help our communities, our province and our country.
Community sport is central to the development of community spirit and national pride. it is the foundation of the sport system in Canada. If there is no community sport, there is no sport.
"Around the rinks and playing fields, the pools, the ski hills and trails in Canada, emulating their heroes, are thousands of young Canadians of all backgrounds, learning together. Cheering them on, coaching than, and enduring the endless rounds of car pools and early morning ice times are the parents who through their countless hours of "parent duty" experience the positives of sport as well. Sharing a cup of coffee at five am. in a cold rink can be an incredible stimulus to conversation and the beginning of a better understanding among Canadians. It's cold out there at five a.m. whether you are French, English, male or female. The Sports Federation of Canada (1991)
Some of Ontario's Best Athletes and Their Home Towns
BARRIE
Rob Crossan (Skiing)
BRANTFORD
Wayne Gretzky (Hockey)
FENWICK
Steve Bauer (Cycling)
HAMILTON
Hilda May Binns (W/C Sports)
KENORA
Michael Smith (Decathlete)
LONDON
Eric Lindros (Hockey)
MISSISSAUGA
Curtis Hibbert (Gymnastics)
Silken Laumann (Rowing)
OSHAWA
Sandra Greaves (Judo)
OTTAWA
Nancy Greene (Skiing)
Elizabeth Manley (Figure Skating)
PENETANGUISHINE
Brian Orser (Figure Skating)
PERTH
Ian Miller (Equestrian)
RICHMOND HILL
Patricia Hy (Tennis)
Elvis Stojko (Figure Skating)
SEAFORTH
Lloyd Eisler (Figure Skating)
SUDBURY
Alex Baumann (Swimming)
ST. CATHARINES
Joanne Bouw (C.P. Track)
THUNDER BAY
Curt Harnett (Cycling)
TIMMINS
Kathy Kreiner (Skiing)
TORONTO
Sean Burke (Hockey)
Sharon Creelman (Field Hockey)
Vickie Keith (Marathon Swimming)
Molly Killingbeck (Track)
WILLOWDALE
Mark McKoy (Track)
Daniel Nestor (Tennis)
WINDSOR
Chris Lori (Bobsleigh)
Kelly Ann Way (Cycling)
One of the most challenging tasks facing sport advocates is to ensure that the public has a positive impression of sport. Although it is difficult to gain this type of support when children are homeless, the unemployment rate is high, and crime is escalating, it can be accomplished if we make sure that the future generation of adults experience - first hand - the benefits of participating in sport. It is essential for sport advocates to make a positive impression with the adults of tomorrow; the youth of today.
A first impression is very important. It usually helps shape a lasting impression. The first impression of sport usually occurs during childhood. Although many sport programs for children are well structured and effectively cater to the needs of the participants, there are some programs that adversely effect the growth and development of young athletes, and leave children with a negative first impression.
To increase the number of participants in sport, and to improve the quality of play, it is necessary for coaches, administrators, officials, and parents to develop a better understanding of the needs of young, developing athletes.
The Young Athlete
Sport programs should be designed to build self esteem. Without a well developed self image, athletes will have difficulty handling success and failure. With children, self esteem can be most effectively enhanced if winning is de-emphasized. Too much formal competition, where winning is emphasized, is not in the best interest of children. The emphasis with entry level competitors should be on having fun, developing fundamental skills, and getting in shape (Gambetta, 1986). According to Nelson (1991), sport programs that minimize competition, de-emphasize winning, and emphasize motor skill development are the most appropriate for children under 12 years of age.
Children participate in sport to satisfy their affiliation needs, to develop skill, for excitement, for success and status, to become more fit, and to release tension and expend energy (Gill et al; 1983). Children participate in sport because it is fun. Enjoyment comes when children are absorbed in the game and when they are performing their best. Sport is perceived as fun when participants feel competent, have some control over decisions that are made, and have the opportunities to make adjustments when the game is not working out, is boring, too hard, unfair, or too dangerous. To children, winning is of secondary importance. Having fun is most important (Kleiber, 1981).
According to Ewing and Seefeldt (1991), young athletes participate in sport for 10 fundamental reasons:
"If you emphasize skill development, and provide developing athletes with challenging opportunities, they will probably enjoy your program."
It is obvious that fun is pivotal to a positive sport experience. Although the term is frequently used, it is not clearly defined. According to Steven Danish from the Department of Psychology at Virginia Commonwealth University, fun in sport can be described as the quest for the balance between skill and challenge. if children are appropriately challenged, enjoyment results. When skill level exceeds the challenge, children may get bored and drop out. If the challenge exceeds skill levels, young participants may get frustrated and dropout. it is important to find the balance (Ewing and Seefeldt, 1991:6).
Fun: The Balance Between Skill and Challenge
Making Your Program Fun
"Children are not little adults. Young superstars will probably not be the best athletes is adults. Potential Olympic superstars are often cut from teams children, or sit on the bench."
Children do not have specialized physiological capacities. Early maturing children are often the strongest, fastest, and best distance runners. It is, therefore, important to structure sport programs so that all children are motivated to participate. Children need to participate in physical activity programs that will stimulate, not excessively stress, the growing and developing body (Bar-Or, 1984). Thomas (1980) suggests that much of the success in sport for children is attributed to physical development. Most early maturing children have more muscle tissue, longer bones, greater strength, and exhibit greater coordination, than late maturing children. Early maturing children usually occupy the starting positions on competitive sport teams while late maturers sit on the bench.
It is, however, critical to understand that children who are late maturers are not necessarily going to be poorer athletes in the future (Meszaros et al; 1984). Late maturing boys, by virtue of their longer growth period, tend to attain an average adult height slightly greater than do early maturers (Docherty, 1982). According to Ecker (1981), a child who starts to develop strength before the age of 12 has a definite advantage in prepubescent competitive sport. However, when late maturers experience their growth spurt, which usually occurs between 13 and 16 years of age, they may become relatively stronger and more athletically developed. At this stage, the early maturer - who achieved a great deal of success during prepubescence - may have difficulty coping with athletic failure.
It is important to create a sporting environment for children that will enhance intrinsic motivation. Although extrinsic rewards may be good initial motivators in sport, it is important to de-emphasize the extrinsic component of organized sport, such as trophies, pennants, and plaques, and to emphasize the play aspects of sport. When skill level is in balance with the challenge of play, intrinsic motivation will likely be enhanced (Watson and Henry, 1984).
Competitive programs for children should be designed so that athletes are actively and purposely involved in a manner that is compatible with their own level of skill. Reinforcement, feedback,
comments, and praise must relate to individual skill, improvement, effort, and understanding, rather than the results of the contest. Every child should have an equal opportunity to experience success, based on self improvement (Bean, 1988).
Sport programs for children should be structured to ensure that every participant:
Specialization
To become a successful high performance athlete, it is important to specialize. Although it is difficult to determine the exact age that young athletes should specialize in a particular sport, it is important to consider the following:
Specialization is a complex process which should not occur until a general base is established. In most cases, preadolescent children should be encouraged to develop skills necessary for many sports before specialization occurs (Bompa, 1983).
Children between 6 and 9 years of age should develop movement skills associated with body awareness. Little emphasis should be placed on conditioning and developing sport specific skills. Children between 10 and 12 years of age should develop skills necessary for a variety of sports. However, competition should be de-emphasized to minimize the stress and enhance learning. Children over 12 years of age should participate in a general sport fitness program with emphasis on developing muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance (Tacha et al; 1984).
The physiological stress experienced by many prepubescent athletes is caused from repetitive training cycles; swimmer's shoulder, tennis player's elbow and runner's stress fractures are common examples. It is important for athletes to specialize in a sport when they are physically ready to participate in repetitive training cycles (Benton, 1980).
Children who specialize in a sport and experience a great deal of success at an early age may have difficulty coping with athletic failures later in life (Martens, 1978).
Training in a specific sport should only begin when the general conditioning for the sport is almost completed and when the young athlete's character, talent, and inclination suggest that his/her chances for success are good (Lewin, 1985).
Before specialization occurs, children should be exposed to a variety of activities. Children must then decide what activity, if any, they wish to specialize in. As children become more interested in a particular sport, opportunities for advancement must be provided by parents, coaches, and administrators (Smith, 1975).
"If we can ensure that all children have a positive impression of sport, we will likely increase the number of participants who are involved in sport for life, and enhance the potential of developing high performance, international athletes."
Barber, M. (1991). National Utility Through Sport Report. Sports Federation of Canada. Ottawa.
Bar-Or, O. (1984). 'The Growth and Development of Children's Physiological and Perceptual Response to Exercise". In: Ilmarinen, J. and Valimake, I. (editors). Children and Sport: Paediatric Work Physiology. New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Pages 3-17.
Bean, D. (1988). "Competition in Children's Physical Education: A Question of Values". gunner. 260). Spring.
Benton, J.W. (1980). "Sport Specificity: The Injury Potential in our Juvenile and Adolescent Athletes". Arena Review. 4:12-15. December.
Berger, B. G., Wankel, L. M. (1991). "The Personal and Social Benefits of Sport and Physical Activity". Benefits of Leisure. PA: Driver, Brown, Peterson, Venture Publishing Inc.
Bompa, T. (1983). Theory and Methodology of Training: The Key to Athletic Performance. USA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Decima Research (1991). A Report to the Ministry of Fitness and Amateur Sport: Ethics and Values in Canadian Sport. Fitness and Amateur Sport. Ottawa.
Docherty, D. (1982). "Maturity Characteristics of Young Males and Females Involved in Sports and Physical Activity". In: Hahn and Pyke's Implications of Growth and Development Principles for Practice and Policy in Junior Sport, Coaching Update Seminar Papers. Sponsored by Sport and Recreation Branch, Department of Home Affairs and Environment. Canberra, Australia. Pages 5-18.
Ecker, T. (1981). "The Youth Sports Star: High Expectations and Future Disappointments". Interscholastic Athletic Administration. 7(3): 13-14. Spring.
Ewing, M. and Seefeldt, V. (1991). American Youth and Sports Participation. Youth Sports Institute.
Fitness and Amateur Sport (1991). Values and Ethics in Amateur Sport. Government of Canada.
Gambetta, V. (1986). "Back to Basics: Getting Off to A Good Start in Athletics". New Studies in Athletics. 4:11-15.
Gill, D.I., Gross, J.B., Huddleston, S. (1983). "Participation Motivation in Youth Sports". International Journal of Sports Psychology. 14: 1-14.
Kotler, P. and Roberto, E. (1989). Social Marketing: Strategies for Changing Public Behaviour. New York: The Free Press, A Division of MacMillian Inc.
Lewin, G. (1985). "Schwimmsport. In Nigel Kemp's Ready or Not: The Real Winners in Children's Sports Aren't Necessarily the Medalists!'. Science Periodical on Research and Technology in Sport. Coaching Association of Canada. April.
McMurtry, R. (1991). Working Party on Strengthening Commonwealth Sport Report. Government of Canada. Ottawa. Martens, R. (1978). Joy and Sadness in Children's Sports. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Meszaros, J., Szmodis, I., Mohac, S. and Szabo, T. (1984). "Predication of Final Stature at the Age 11-13 Years". In Ilmarinen, J. and Vaelimaeki, I. (editors). Children and Sport: Paediatric Work Physiology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Pages 31-36.
Nelson, M.A. (1991). "Developmental Skills and Children's Sports" The Physician and Sports Medicine. 19(2).
Ontario Ministry Of Health (1992). Social Marketing in Health Promotion: A Communications Guide. Toronto. Queen's Printer for Ontario.
Smith, M. (1975). 'Adult Domination of Kids Sport". Recreation Canada. 33(5): 24-27. October.
Sports Illustrated (1981). 19(2):108.
Tacha, K.K., Edward, V. and Miller, S. (1984). "Sports Fitness School for Children". Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. 55(7): 61-63.
Tennis Canada (1992). Sport: For Goodness Sake. Response to the Report of the Minister's Task Force on Federal Sport Policy. Toronto.
Thomas, J. (1980). "Acquisition of Motor Skills: information Processing Differences between Children and Adults". Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 51: 158-173.
Watson, G.G. and Henry, F.J. (1984). "Motivating Children to Motivate Themselves". Sports Coach. 7(4): 11-15.
"Sport" is a major form of physical activity for children."
1. Well structured sport programs can provide children with opportunities to participate in physical activity that has immediate and long term benefits. These benefits include higher levels of fitness, better health, social involvement and the satisfaction derived from developing skill in group and individual activities.
Maunsell, B. (1985). "Sport for Children: Selected Considerations". New Zealand Journal of Health. Physical Education and Recreation, 18(2).
2. Children need vigorous activity for optimum growth and development. Competition stimulates participation.
Staniford, DJ.(1976). "Competition and the Young Child". Physical Educator, 33(3): 143-145.
3. Children need opportunities to become physically active. It is important to establish programs for children that are based on fun games, with lots of positive reinforcement.
Seibert, G.R. (1991). "Reviewing the Case for Kids Fitness". Fitness Management. August. Page 24.
4. It is important for children to participate in a variety of sports. Emphasis should be on fundamental skills and exposure to many different movement sequences. General physical activity is essential for long term success.
Thumm, H. (1987). "The Importance of Basic Training for the Development of Performance". New Studies in Athletics. 1: 47-54.
5. in a study involving 8 boys between 11 and 13 years of age, it was discovered that after 4 months of physically training the boys there was a local adaptation in skeletal muscles. The boys' level of conditioning had significantly improved.
Eriksson, B.O. and Saltin, B. (1973). "Muscle Metabolism and Anaerobic Metabolism in Prepubertal Boys after Physical Training. Paediatric Work Physiology". Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium. Pages 173-181.
6. Every child is unique and responds differently to exercise demands. It is critical for young children to be physically active. They should be developing a wide variety of motor skills during prepuberty years, whereas, young adolescents can become more specialized in their training and sport participation. Sport can be fun for every child, particularly if children participate at levels that are challenging to them, and not beyond their capabilities.
Orlick, T. and Botterill, C. (1975). Every Kid Can Win. Chicago, Illinois: Nelson Publications.
"Children should participate in a variety of sports."
7. Children do not have specialized physiological capacities. Early maturing children are often the strongest, fastest, and best distance runners. It is, therefore, important to structure physical activity programs for children so all children are motivated to participate. Children need to participate in vigorous physical activities that will stimulate, not excessively stress, the growing and developing body.
Bar-Or, 0. (1984). -The Growth and Development of Children's Physiological and Perceptual Response to Exercise". In Ilmarinen, J. and Valimaki, I. (editors). Children and Sport: Paediatric Work Physiology. New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Pages 3-17.
8. Physical activity is essential for children. To effectively develop the oxygen transport system in the body, it is important to participate in physical activity. If children do not participate in aerobic activities when they are young, they may suffer as an adult. It may be difficult to repair later in life what has been neglected during childhood.
Bailey, D.A., Malina, R.M. and Rasmussen, R.L. (1977). "The Influence of Exercise, Physical Activity, and Athletic Performance on the Dynamics of Human Growth". In Falkner, F. and Tanner, J.M. (editors). Human Growth: A Comprehensive Treatise. Plenum, New York.
9. Children are capable of meeting physiological demands of youth sport. A healthy child has a tremendous capacity for adaptation. it is, however, important to recognize that children are not little adults. Children cannot equal adults in absolute performance of physical working capacity.
Stewart, M.J. (1981). "Youth Sport Participation and the Physiological Functions of the Child". Physical Educator. 38: 59-64.
10. Children can improve their maximal oxygen uptake if they participate in vigorous physical activity.
Wessels, C.T. and Thiart, B.F. (1980). "The Maximal Oxygen Uptake with Specific Reference to the Growing Child". S.A. Journal for Research in Sport. Physical Education. and Recreation. 3(2): 20-23.
11. Physical activity is essential for preventing children from becoming obese. Physical activity regulates obesity because it increases energy expenditure, suppresses appetite, increases metabolic rate, and increases lean body mass.
Seefeldt, V. and Vogel, P. (1986). "American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance'. The Value of Physical Activity. Reston, Virginia. Page 10.
"Sport programs that minimize competition, de-emphasize winning, and emphasize motor skill development are the most appropriate for children under 12 years of age."
12. Sport programs that minimize competition, de-emphasize winning, and emphasize motor skill development are the most appropriate for children under 12 years of age.
Nelson, M.A. (1991). "Developmental Skills and Children's Sports". The Physician and Sports Medicine. 19(2): 67-79.
13. Regular quality physical activity can improve physical fitness, and prevent many different health problems. The focus of physical fitness programs for children should be on cardiorespiratory endurance and general strength.
Werner, P. and Durham, R. (1988). "Health Related Fitness Benefits in Upper Elementary School Children in a Daily Physical Education Program" Physical Educator. 45(2): 89-93.
"Sport is a great form of preventative health care for children."
14.Chronic diseases effect several million children in the United States. Many of these children face additional burdens by having their physical activities restricted. Sport can alleviate symptoms of diseases as well as improve the psychosocial development and quality of life for many children. Physicians should be prescribing exercise programs for children with cystic fibrosis, congenital heart disease, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma. These children should participate in physical activities that will allow them to reach their potentials.
Goldberg, B. (1990). "Children, sports, and Chronic Disease". The Physician and Sports Medicine. 1800): 45-56.
15. A study involving 1,057 adolescents from 19 New Jersey public schools indicated that individuals who reported higher levels of school achievement and more participation in sport and exercise assessed their health as better over a 1 year period, than adolescents who participated less in sport and other exercises, and had lower levels of school achievement.
Mechanic, D. and Hansell, S. (1987). "Adolescent Competence, Psychological Well-Being, and Self-Assessed Physical Health". Journal of Health and Social Behaviour. 28(4): 364-374.
16. Children need to become more physically active. Why?
Fishburne, Graham. (1991). "The Well-Being of Children and Youths". ACFWB Newsletter. May.
"A positive experience in sport will turn children on to physical activity for life."
17. Physical activity improves fitness, and promotes better health habits.
Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation (1985). The Social Impacts of Recreation, A Research Report. Toronto. Page 11.
18. Although the majority of children and youth recognize the need for physical activity, the fitness levels for boys and girls begin to decline dramatically from a 96% level at age 13 to 40% by the end of adolescence. It is, therefore, imperative that programs for children and youth be structured so longevity of participation is encouraged. It is important for programs to be fun and challenging, while simultaneously providing opportunities for social interaction and adventure. Children and youth should be provided with a wide variety of physical activity opportunities that cater to their specific needs.
Fitness Canada (1981). Canada Fitness Survey. Ottawa: Government of Canada.
19. In a study involving athletes under 18 years of age, it was demonstrated that athletic training and competition did not harm the physical growth and development of the youngsters. The athletes had a lower percent body fat than a control group of non-athletes. Male athletes were more advanced maturationally than the non-athletes. Female athletes, on the other hand, tend to be delayed maturationally when compared to female non-athletes.
Malina, R.M., Meleski, BW and Shoup, R.F. (1982). "Anthropometric, Body Composition, and Maturity Characteristics of Selected School-Age Athletes". Paediatric Clinics of North America. 29(6): 1305-1323.
20. In childhood and adolescence, habitual physical activity, as opposed to a sedentary lifestyle, leads to increased bone mass and bone strength.
Smith, E.L., Raab, D.M. (1985). "Osteoporosis and Physical Activity". Acta Medica Scandinavoca Supplement. 711: 149-156.
21. In a study involving 2,306 boys and 2,160 girls under 18 years of age, it was discovered that those who were trained to perform well in a variety of track and field events had greater anaerobic capacities than children who were non-athletic.
Harsanyi, L. and Martin, M. (1986). "Athlete Schoolchildren: How their Physical Capacities Develop". New Studies on Athletics. England, 4: 81-90.
"Children and youth who are physically active will probably never smoke."
The likelihood of youth never smoking is directly related to level of physical activity. More than 80% of Canadians between 10 and 24 years of age who are active have never smoked.
Stephens, T. and Craig, C.L. (1990). The Well-Being of Canadians: Highlights of the 1988 Campbell's Survey. Ottawa: Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute. Page 23.
23.Girls need more opportunities to develop basic sports skills that will allow them to enjoy participating in many different forms of physical activity.
Dahlgren, W. (1988). A Report of the National Task Force on Young Females and Physical Activity. Fitness and Amateur Sport. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Page 29.
24.Girls who participate in physical activity will be less susceptible to osteoporosis as adults.
Dahlgren, W. (1988). A Report of the National Task Force on Young Females and Physical Activity. Fitness and Amateur Sport. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Page 42.
"Girls should be provided with more opportunities to participate in sport."
25.Females between 6 and 25 years of age are not as physically fit as males of a similar age.
Dahlgren, W. (1988). A Report of the National Task Force on Young Females and Physical Activity. Fitness and Amateur Sport. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Page 10.
26. Women who participated in organized sport and fitness programs as children have significantly higher bone densities as adults than women who were not active as children.
McCulloch, R.G., Bailey, D.X, Houston, C.S. and Dodd, B.L. (1990). "Effects of Physical Activity, Dietary Calcium Intake and Selected Lifestyle Factors on Bone Density in Young Women". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 142(3): 221-227.
27.Girls are not provided with the same opportunities as boys to participate in physical activity. As a result, girls have a lower level of skill competency and are not as physically active as boys. There are fewer opportunities for girls to participate in physical activity outside of the educational system because of an over-emphasis on male dominated sports such as hockey and football.
Dahlgren, W. (1988). A Report of the National Task Force on Young Females and Physical Activity. Fitness and Amateur Sport. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Pages 5-6.
"Youth sport can prevent obesity and coronary heart disease."
28. Physical hypoactivity is prevalent among obese youth. Physical training, with or without nutritional intervention, is effective therapy for weight and body fat control.
Ward, D.S. and Bar-Or, O. (1986). "Role of the Physician and Physical Education Teacher in the Treatment of Obesity at School". Paediatrician. 13: 44-51.
29. Many adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age are considered to be at risk to coronary heart disease. Studies have indicated that physical activity is considered to be an important factor in reducing the risk to coronary heart disease. Physical activity has a positive effect on high blood pressure, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia, all risk indicators of coronary heart disease.
Kemper, H. (1986). "Longitudinal Studies on the Development of Health and Fitness and the Interaction with Physical Activity of Teenagers". Paediatrician. 13: 52-59.
30.A study involving 1,200 Icelandic adolescents (15 and 16 years of age) indicated that those who were involved in sport programs scored higher on perceived health evaluations than adolescents who did not participate in sport.
Thorlindsson, T., Vilhjalmsson, R. and Valgeirsson, G. (1990). "Sport Participation and Perceived Health Status: A Study of Adolescence". Social Science and Medicine. 31(5): 551-556.
"Sport programs for children should be specifically designed to satisfy their needs."
1. Children play sport to satisfy their affiliation needs, to develop skill, for excitement, for success and status, to become more fit, and to release tension and expend energy.
Gill, D.I., Gross, J.B., Huddleston, S. (1983). "Participation Motivation in Youth Sports". International Journal of Sports Psychology. 14: 1-14.
2. Children participate in sport to satisfy their affiliation needs, to pursue excellence, to be aggressive, for feelings of excitement and power, and to become more independent. The most important motives are for friendship and to achieve a high level of personal skill.
Weinberg, R.S. (1981). "Why Kids play or Do Not Play Organized Sports." The Physical Educator. May: 71-76.
3. Physical activity and sport for children are necessary for optimum physical development, nurturing skill and talent, and for establishing active ways of life that will result in physical confidence and improved self esteem.
Bambra, A. (1990). "Audrey Bambra Outlines the Government's Response to the School Sport Forum's Recommendations". Sport and Leisure. May/June: 28-29.
4. It is important for sport programs to be structured so children have acquired some for the basic skills before competition, if sport is going to assist children in the development of self esteem.
Shillingford, J.P. and Shillingford Mackin, A. (1991). "Enhancing Self Esteem through Wellness Programs". The Elementary School Journal. 91(5): 457-466.
5. The development of physical skills and a basic level of competence in sport are important components of the educational process for students in elementary school. In a well designed sport program, children can develop self confidence, become more autonomous, and develop feelings of self worth.
Coop, R.H. and Rotella, R.J. (1991). "Sport and Physical Skill Development in Elementary Schools". The Elementary School Journal. 91(5): 409-412.
6. Children acquire self confidence and self esteem as a result of successful experiences. It is important to emphasize individual skill development in sport programs. Movement activities provide children with opportunities to learn about themselves and their environment. Quality physical activity programs are essential for optimal development.
Bunker, L. (1991). "The Role of Play and Motor Skill Development in Building Children's Self Confidence and Self Esteem". The Element School Journal. 91(5): 467-471.
7. A study involving 143 male and female fourth and five graders revealed that children who participated in organized sport were higher in perceived competence, were more persistent, and had higher expectations for future success than children who did not participate in organized sport.
Roberts, G.C., Kleiber, D.A. and Duda, J.L. (1981). "An Analysis of Motivation in Children's Sport: The Role of Perceived Competence in Participation". Journal of Sport Psychology. 3: 206-216.
"Children who fed competent in sport have higher levels of self confidence, self esteem, and emotional stability."
8. The majority of children are involved in competitive swimming to satisfy affiliation needs and to pursue excellence. Children who are successful in the competitive sporting environment tend to demonstrate higher levels of self-confidence, self-esteem and mental stability than those children who are not successful.
Watson, G.G., Blanksby, B.A. and Bloomfield, J. (1986). Childhood Socialisation and Competitive Swimming: A Social-Psychology of Elite Junior Swimmers. Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation.
9. Children participate in sport because it is fun. Enjoyment comes when children are absorbed in the game and when they are performing their best. Sport is perceived as fun when participants feel competent, have some control over the decisions that are made, and have the opportunities to make adjustments when the game is not working out, is boring, too hard, unfair, or too dangerous. To children, winning is of secondary importance. Having fun is most important.
Kleiber, D.A. (1981). "Searching for Enjoyment in Children's Sports". Physical Educator. 38: 77-84.
10. Sport teaches children how to cope with failure.
Ulrich, C. et al. (1982). Education in 80's: Physical Education. West Haven, Connecticut.
11.Well-structured physical activity programs for children play a significant role in developing self esteem.
Guyot, G.W., Fairchild, L. and Hill, M. (1981). "Physical Fitness, Sport Participation, Body Build and Self Concept of Elementary School Children". International Journal of Sport Psychology. 12: 105-116.
"Children who participate in regular physical activity perform better academically."
12. Studies in Scarborough, Ontario - Regina, Saskatchewan - and Victoria British, Columbia - discovered that students who were involved in physical activity programs had better self concepts and were academically superior to children who were not physically active. A 6 year study in Trois-Riviere, Quebec, involving students in grades 2 to 6, demonstrated that children who participated in 5 hours of physically activity a week had significantly higher marks in academic programs than children who did not participate in physical activity.
Robbins, Stuart (1992). "Sound Physical Education: The Need is There, the Programs Aren't". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 146(5): 763-765.
13.It is important to enhance self esteem in sport. Without a well-developed self image, athletes will have difficulty handling success and failure. With children, self esteem can be most effectively enhanced if winning is de-emphasized. Too much formal competition, where winning is emphasized, is not in the best interest of most children. The emphasis should be on having fun, developing a variety of skills, and getting in shape.
Gambetta, V. (1986). "Back to Basics: Getting Off to A Good Start in Athletics". New Studies in Athletics. 4: 11-15.
14. Girls who participate in physical activity will likely have more positive feelings of self worth/self esteem than girls who are not physically active.
Dahlgren, W. (1988). A Report of the National Task Force on Young Females and Physical Activity. Fitness and Amateur Sport. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Page 28.
15. In a 1980 study, it was demonstrated that athletes who received extrinsic rewards for high performance resulted in an increased level of motivation. The athletes who failed to win the reward felt incompetent, resulting in a decreased level of intrinsic motivation.
Vallerand, R.J. (1982). "Effects of Extrinsic Reinforcements on Intrinsic Motivation in Sports: Implications for Coaches". In Partington, Orlick, and Salmela's Sport in Perspective. The Coaching Association of Canada. Page 72.
16. It is important for children to be intrinsically motivated to participate in Sport. This is best accomplished if we de-emphasize the extrinsic component of organized competition, such as trophies, pennants, and records, and emphasize the play aspects of sport. When skill level is in balance with the challenge of play, intrinsic motivation is likely to be enhanced.
Watson, G.G. and Henry, F.J. (1984). "Motivating Children to Motivate Themselves". Sports Coach. 7(4): 11-15.
17. Physical activity complements academic performance. In various studies, it has been demonstrated that children and youth who participate in regular physical activity have greater academic performances than children and youth who are not physically active.
Hale, M. (1989). "Sound Body, Sound Mind". OPHEA Journal. Fall, Pages 16-17.
18. In a study involving 720 boys and 418 girls at a summer sport school, it was discovered that the most important reasons for participating in sport were to improve skills, have fun, learn new skills, be challenged, make friends, and be physically fit.
Gill, D.L., Gross, J.B. and Huddleston, S. (1983). "Participation Motivation in Youth Sport". International Journal of Sport Psychology. 14: 1-14.
19. Sport programs can satisfy many developmental needs of children and youth providing that young athletes are provided with opportunities to positively experience competition. It is critical to base performance objectives on personal improvement and effort, and not base it on the performance of others. in addition, competitive sport programs should be designed to develop self confidence and enhance self esteem. Individual skill development should be emphasized, and winning de-emphasized.
Singer, R.N. and Gerson, R.F. (1980). "Athletic Competition for Children: Motivational Considerations". International Journal of Sport Psychology. 11: 249-262.
"Children participate in sport because it is fun."
20. Young people engaged in organized youth sport programs indicate that fun or enjoyment is one of the most important reasons for participating.
Gill, D., Gross, J.B., Huddleston, S. (1983). "Participation Motivation in Youth Sports". International Journal of Psychology. 14: 1-14.
21. Children and youth are less likely to experience behavioural and emotional disorders if they get along with others and participate in activities, such as sports.
Rae-Grant, N., Thomas, H., Offord, D., and Boyle, M. (1989). "Risk, Protective Factors, and the Prevalence of Behavioural and Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 28: 262-268.
"High quality sport programs in public housing locations could significantly reduce the incidence of behavioural and emotional disorders in children and youth."
22. High quality sport programs in public housing locations could significantly reduce the incidence of behavioural and emotional disorders in children and youth.
Offord, D., Boyle, M., and Racine, Y. (1989). Ontario Child Health Study; Children at Risk. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services. Page 20.
23. Demonstration of personal ability is an important determinant of satisfaction in sport.
Roberts, G.C., Duda, J.(1984). "Motivation in Sport: The Mediating Role of Perceived Ability". Journal of Sport Psychology, 6: 312-324.
24. According to studies dealing with the contribution of exercise and sport to mental health and social adjustments, the acquisition of motor skills for children contributes toward meeting the basic psychological needs of safety and self esteem in young children. Sport can help reduce delinquency and improve adjustment. Sport provides children with opportunities for self expression and opportunities to release negative emotions such as hostility and aggression.
Layman, E.M. (1974). "Contributions of Exercise and Sports to Mental Health and Social Adjustment". In Johnson, W.R. and Buskirk, E.R. (editors). Science and Medicine of Exercise and Sports Second Edition. New York: Harper and Row. Pages 403-428.
25. Studies have indicated that youth between 10 and 19 years of age who are physically active consider adequate sleep and rest, not smoking, adequate medical and dental care, and maintaining weight as very important for good health. In addition, active youth have a more positive emotional outlook than their less active peers.
Fitness Canada. (1985). Highlights. Canada Fitness Survey. March, Page 48.
26. According to Ewing and Seefeldt (1991), young athletes participate in sport for the following reasons:
A. To have fun
B. To improve skills
C. To stay in shape
D. To be good at something
E. For excitement
F. To get exercise
G. To play as part of a team
H. For the challenge
I. To learn new skills
J. To win
Ewing, M. and Seefeldt, V. (1991). American Youth and Sports Participation. Youth Sports Institute. Pages 4-6.
"Competence is directly related to enjoyment. Youth who are competent in a sport are more likely to have fun."
27. In a study involving 40 athletic males and 40 athletic females (14 to 18 years of age) and a matching group of non-athletic males and females, it was demonstrated that sport has a positive influence on body image and on achievement of personal identity.
Bartolomei, G. and Valente, A. (1988). "Body Image, Self Image, and Sport". Movimento. Italy, 4(l): 39-4.
28. Perception of one's ability or competence and self reports of how well one performs have consistently been related to enjoyment. Competence-like measures of intrinsic motivation have been positively related to reported enjoyment in competitive youth basketball.
Brustad, R.J. (1988). "Affective Outcomes in Competitive Youth Sport: The Influence of Intrapersonal and Socialization Factors". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 10(3): 307-321.
"Sport can help disabled youth feel good about themselves."
29. Sport helps emotionally disturbed adolescents become more confident, more expressive, and more independent and autonomous. in a study involving 31 emotionally disturbed adolescents, it was demonstrated that sport helped the youngsters feel more self confident and more capable of making new friends.
Dozier, J.E., Lewis, S., Kersey, A.G. and Charping J.W. (1978). "Sports Group: An Alternative Treatment Modality for Emotionally Disturbed Adolescent". Adolescence. 13(51): 483-488.
30. Sport participation for the physically challenged gives athletes the courage to try many things that they would never have otherwise attempted, and improves classroom habits.
Haskins, J. (1976). A New Kind of Joy. New York: Doubleday and Company Inc. The Preparation of Disabled People for Adult Society. (1981). Australian Schools Commission.
31. Physically disabled youth who participated in sport programs have shown improvements in self concept and self acceptance.
Seefeldt, V. and Vogel, P. (1986). The Value of Physical Activity. Reston, Virginia: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. Page 26.
"Sport can play an important role in the socialization process of children."
1. Organized play activities are essential for the ongoing socialization of children. Children begin the socialization process at the age of nine or ten by entering into cooperative relations with their peers. In their play activities they are able to develop a variety of skills that will not only prepare them for competitive sport, but also will result in the development of effective communication skills. In play, children are free to make mistakes, to develop individual personality characteristics, and above all, to learn the values basic to their culture.
Watson, G.G. (1978). Little Athletics and Childhood Socialization. Community Recreation Council of Western Australia. Page 1.
2. In a study involving 54 fourth and fifth grade children from two public elementary schools in Illinois, it was discovered that sport has the potential of developing prosocial behaviour with children, particularly females. The prosocial behaviours were identified as being culturally valued traits that were individualistic such as courage, achievement motivation, independence, perseverance, and aspects of behaviour that reflect positive interpersonal behaviour such as generosity, fairness, and cooperativeness. in the same study, however, it was also discovered that sport programs that overemphasize winning may inhibit the development of prosocial behaviours. This was particularly true for boys.
Kleiber, D.A. and Roberts, G.C. (1981). "The Effects of Sport Experience in the Development of Social Character: An Exploratory Investigation". Journal of Sport Psychology. 3: 114-122.
3. A positive relationship exists between success of local high school athletic teams and level of social integration in the community.
Wilkerson, M., Dodder, R.A. (1987). "Collective Conscience of Sport in Modern Society: An Empirical Test of a Model". Journal of Leisure Research. 19(l): 35-40.
"Children can benefit tremendously from properly structured competition."
4. There are benefits to competition. It is, however, important to design a competitive environment so that every child is actively and purposely involved in a manner that is compatible with his or her own level of skill. Reinforcement, feedback, comments, and praise must be perceived by the child to relate to individual skill, improvement, effort and understanding rather than the results of the contest. Every child should have an equal opportunity to experience success, based on self-improvement.
Bean, D. (1988). "Competition in Children's Physical Education: A Question of Values". Runner. Spring, 26(l).
5. Sport can be effective in promoting life-long participation in physical activity providing children experience success. If success is based on game performance and not on personal measures and objectives, fewer children will be successful.
Watson, G.G. and Gibson, B.J. (1978). "Determinants of Social Integration in Children's Sport Teams: The Case of Australian Rules Football". Department for Youth. Sport and Recreation. Western Australia. Pages p-13.
6. Studies in social motivation reveal that games help children become more oriented with themselves. Children who participate in games develop desirable social characteristics such as intrinsic motivation and a high need of achievement for mastery.
Watson, G.G. (1984). "Social Motivation in Games: Toward a Conceptual Framework of Game Attraction". Journal of Human Movement Studies. 10:1-19.
7. Children in the little league baseball family seem to adopt a status of central importance, not only because of parental interest in their development, but also because of the contact children enable their parents to maintain with the value system of the community at large. Little league baseball integrates the family into the community setting. The little league family appears to be more interested in the community, and more willing to contribute to community development.
Watson, G.G. (1973). Game Interaction in Little League Baseball and Family Organization. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Urbana: University of Illinois. October. Pages 21-25.
"Sport provides young participants with opportunities to dream. Through sport, young participants can imagine that they are their sporting heroes. They develop mental imagery skills."
8. Sport is a vehicle for teaching young participants the following social values:
Douge, B. (1987). Junior Sport Report: Focus on Children. Western Australian Sports Council. Page l.
9. Participation in sport can promote the transmission of strong positive social values.
Greenclorfer, S.L. (1987). "Psycho-social Correlates of Organized Physical Activity". Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance.
10. In a study involving 1,671 children aged 11, 13 and 15 years from a nationwide sampling of schools in Denmark, there was a significant relationship between high level of physical activity and high social class, ability to integrate into a peer group, easy contact with parents and friends, high degree of life satisfaction, and good health.
Holstein, B.E., Ito, H. and Du, P. (1990). "Physical Exercise Among School Children: A Nation-wide Sociomedical Study of 1,671 Children 11-15 Years of Age". Uaeskr Laeger. Denmark, 152(38): 2721-2727.
11.Sport serves to strengthen community ties in modern urbanized society. Sport events and the reporting of sport can foster imaginary intimate or quasi-intimate relationships to help satisfy the human need for belonging.
Anderson, D.F., Stone, G.P. (1981). "Sport: A Search for Community". In: Greenclorfer, S.L., Yiannakis, A., Editors. Sociology of Sport: Diverse Perspectives. West Point, New York: Leisure Press, West Point. Pages 164-172.
"Sport breaks down many ethnic barriers."
12. Soccer teams at the community level indicate that assimilation of ethnic groups into the mainstream society occurs when the team represents diverse ethnic groups.
Pooley,J.(1976). "Ethnic Soccer Clubs in Milwaukee: A Study in Assimilation". In: Hart, M., (editor). Sport in the Sociocultural Process. 2nd edition. Dubuque,IA. W.C.Brown. Pages. 475-492.
13. Sport fosters desirable values as well as social integration providing that winning is kept in perspective and the emphasis is on a positive, enjoyable youth sport experience which facilitates the development of desirable skills and behavioural practices for all participants.
Wankel, L.M., Berger, B.G. (1991). "The Personal and Social Benefits of Sport and Physical Activity". In: Driver, Brown, Peterson, Benefits of Leisure. Venture Publishing. Pages p1-144.
14. In a study conducted by Health and Welfare Canada, it was discovered that 62% of 11 year old boys in Canada and 49% of 11 year old girls were members of a community sports club. Fifty-eight percent (58%) of 13 year old boys and 38% of 13 year old girls were members of a sports club, and 52% of 15 year old boys and 30% of 15 year old girls were members of a community sports club. In the same study, it was discovered that 45% of 11 year old boys in Canada and 45% of 11 year old girls participated on a school sports team, 51 % of 13 year old boys and 45% of 13 year old girls participated on a school sports team, and 42% of 15 year old boys and 35% of 15 year old girls participated on a sports team at school.
King, AJ. C. and Coles, B. (1992). The Health of Canada's Youth: Views and Behaviours of 11. 13, and 15 Year Olds from 11 Countries. Health and Welfare Canada. Pages 23-24.
15. Sport can enhance the quality of life for children and youth. It is important to provide the widest possible opportunities for young people to participate in physical activity and sport.
Chappel, R. (1986). "Physical Education, Sport and Recreation and the Quality of Life". In Mangan, J.A. and Small, R.B. (editors). "Sport, Culture, Society: International, Historical and Sociological Perspectives". Proceedings of the VIII Commonwealth and International Conference on Sport. Physical Education, Dance. Recreation, and Health. Glasgow, Scotland.
"Sport provides children and youth with opportunities to set realistic goals and to strive to be the best they can be."
16. The value of play in competitive sport programs cannot be recognized in terms of wins, championships, records, or trophies. Play must be seen in the context of human worth. If children and youth can learn to play through sport they will be acquiring the prerequisites that are necessary to achieve a meaningful and productive life in our modern day society.
Robertson, L (1983). Position statement of the Youth Sport Institute. South Australian College of Advanced Education, Salisbury.
17. Sport provides children and youth with opportunities to set realistic goals and to strive to be the best that they can be. It allows young athletes to dream, and to keep in their back pocket a secret desire, a long term goal. Sport helps young athletes learn how to learn; they enthusiastically seek information from others, watch the best, and try to improve their own weaknesses.
Schultz, D. (1984). "Advice from a Champion". Wrestling USA. December. Page p.
18. Sport programs should be structured so children and youth are developing moral and ethical characters. Through sport, young athletes can develop ideals of justice, truth, duty, personal integrity, self discipline, sportsmanship, and co-operation. Moral and ethical development has to become as important, or more important, than developing strength, endurance, coordination and game strategy.
Miller, R.F. and Jarman, B.O. (1988). "Moral and Ethical Character Development". JOPERD. August. Pages 72-78.
"Regular activity leads to higher levels of energy, improved, stamina, weight loss, better eye-hand co-ordination, and improved muscle tone and flexibility."
1. Sustained physical activity leads to a decrease in fat body mass and an increase in lean body mass, with resultant increased basal metabolism and lower risk of obesity. Together with recommendations concerning prudent dietary measures, a physical activity regimen is recommended for immediate and long term control of obesity.
Bray, G.A. (1989). "Exercise and Obesity". In: Brouchard, C. et al. (editors). Exercise, Fitness and Health. Champaign: Illinois, Human Kinetics Publishers. Chapter 41.
2. Habitual physical activity leads to a reduced resting heart rate and lower blood pressure levels. Vigorous exercise reduces the incidence of hypertension and among established hypertensives, it lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels.
Seals, D. R. Hagberg, J.M (1984). "The Effect of Exercise Training on Human Hypertension: A Review". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 16: 207-215.
3. Regular physical activity leads to higher levels of energy, improved stamina, weight loss, better eye-hand co-ordination, and improved muscle tone and flexibility.
Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation. (1985). The Social Impacts of Recreation, Research Report. Page 11.
4. In a study involving 1,385 sport participants and 292 non-sport participants, it was discovered that individuals who participate in sport scored significantly higher on a perceived health inventory than individuals who did not participate in sport.
Lamb, K.L., Roberts, K. and Brodie, D.A. (1990). "Self Perceived Health Among Sports Participants and Non-Sports Participants". Social Science and Medicine. 31(9): 963-969.
5. Results from a study involving 3 groups of healthy males, 318 in each group, indicated that in a follow-up after 13 years, the group that actively participated in sport had the lowest mortality rate. The highest mortality rate was for those who had given up sport, and those who had never participated in sport had the intermediate mortality rate.
Grossarth-Maticek, R. et al. (1990). "Sport Activity and Personality as Elements in Preventing Cancer and Coronary Heart Disease". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 710): 199-209.
6. Physical activity can significantly reduce the chances of coronary heart disease due to its effect on blood lipids, blood pressure, obesity, and capacity of physical work. Physical activity prevents the onset of some diseases and postpones the debilitating effects of old age.
Seefeldt V. and Vogel, P. (1986). The Value of Physical Activity. Reston, Virginia: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. Page27.
7. Regular exercise can improve functional capacity and reduces the risk of developing chronic diseases. Exercise programs can improve the health status of employee groups, particularly programs that generate improvements in cardiorespiratory health.
Pate, R.R. and Blair, S.N. (1983). "Physical Fitness Programming for Health Promotion at the Worksite". Prevention-Medicine. p(5): 632-643.
"Corporate sponsored physical activity programs will decrease employee turnover, decrease absenteeism, decrease industrial injuries, decrease corporate medical costs, and increase productivity."
8.Corporate sponsored physical activity programs will decrease employee turnover, decrease absenteeism, decrease industrial injuries, decrease corporate medical costs, and increase productivity.
Gibbons, L.W. (1989). "Corporate Fitness Programs and Health Enhancement". Ann.Acad. Mrd. Singapore, 18(3): 272-278.
9. Studies have indicated that Canadians watch a great deal of television, even though they are becoming more aware of the need to participate in physical activity. The average Canadian watched 3.2 hours of television daily in 1976. In 1987 it was estimated that the average Canadian watched 3.4 hours of television a day. Males between the ages of 18 and 24 watched television the least. Females over 60 years of age watched television the most. In 1981, 56% of Canadians claimed to exercise 3 hours a week. In 1986, 75% of Canadians were exercising 3 times a week.
Gregg, A. and Posner, M. (1990). The Big Picture. Toronto: McFarlane, Walter and Ross. Pages 159-163.
10. In a study involving 497 individuals it was demonstrated that individuals who exercise regularly had a higher perceived health status than those who were starting to exercise, and much higher scores than non-exercisers.
Langemo, D.K., Volden, C., Oechsle, L. and Adamson, M. (1990). "Explicating the Relationship of Health Measures and Self-esteem of Exercise Practices in Adults". Health Education 21(4): 7-11, 45.
11. Maintaining high levels of physical activity after a heart attack decreases the likelihood of subsequent cardiac death.
Kitajima, K., Sasaki, J., Kono, S. and Arakawa, K. (1990). "Prognostic Significance of Daily Physical Activity after First Myocardial Infarction". American Heart Journal. 119(5): 1193.
12. In a study of 314 subjects on self-assessed well-being, a well developed social network and physical exercise were the most positive determinants of well-being, while drug intake, angina pectoris, and smoking were the most negative.
Thorell, B. and Svardsudd, K. (1990). "50-year-old People in Kingsor". Scand Journ Prom Health Care. 8(3): 157-163.
13. In a study of male police officers, subjects undergoing aerobic training had larger changes on the self report measures of well-being and stress than those police officers who trained anaerobically. Both anaerobic and aerobic trained officers showed significant improvements when compared to controls. Evidence suggests that exercise, particularly aerobic exercise, has positive effects on well-being.
Norris, R., Carroll, D. and Cochrane, R. 0 990). "The Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Training on Fitness, Blood Pressure, and Psychological Stress and Well-Being". Journ Psychosom. Res. 34(4): 367-375.
14. In a Tri-Province Report to the Inter-Provincial Conference of Ministers responsible for Sport and Recreation, empirical research demonstrated that regular participation in physical activity can lead to improved cardiovascular and respiratory functioning, as well as increased muscular and heart strength.
Tri-Provinges Report (1985). Provinces of Alberta, Ontario, and Prince Edward Island.
15. Regular exercise decreases one's risk for coronary heart disease and helps to decrease other risk factors. Regular exercise can improve the quality of life by lessening fatigue and by increasing physical performance.
Froelicher, V.F. and Froelicher, E.S. (1991). In: Driver, Brown, and Peterson's Benefits of Leisure PA: Venure Publishing Inc. Pages 59-72.
16. Sport was most influential in leading to a decreased mortality rate in a 16-year follow-up interval of former students who had attended Harvard University from 1916-1950. This was followed closely by walking and stair climbing which were equal in importance.
Paffenbarger, R.S. Jr., Hyde, R.T., Wing, A.L., Hsieh, C. (1986). "Physical Activity, All-Cause Mortality, and Longevity of College Alumni". New England Journal of Medicine. 314: 605-613 and 315: 399-401.
"Sport participation reduces fatigue, hypertension and obesity."
17. Sixty-three percent of the Canadian population participate in some physical activity at least once a week. One in five participate in an activity that is directed by an instructor, coach, or supervisor. Seventeen percent are involved in a competitive activity, with organized leagues or races.
Stephens, T., and Craig, C.L. (1990). The Well Being of Canadians: Highlights of the 1988 Campbell's Survey. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa. Page 13.
18. Sport participation reduces hypertension and obesity.
Ferris, B.F., Landry, F. and Craig, C.L. (1987). "Toward a Canadian Standard for Physical Activity and Fitness". Sport Science Review. Cologne, FRG.
"Sport Participation amongst the physically challenged promotes health, physical appearance, and coordination."
19. Sport participation amongst the physically challenged promotes health, physical appearance, and coordination.
Brasile, F.M., Kleiber, D.A. and Harniseh, D. (11991). "Analysis of Participation Incentives Among Athletes With and Without Disabilities". Therapeutic Recreational Journal. 25(l).
20. More than 33% of the Canadian population judge regular physical activity as very important to their health, and 39% believe that regular physical exercise helps them meet important personal goals.
Stephens, T., and Craig, C.L. (1990). The Well Being of Canadians: Highlights of the 1988 Campbell's Survey Ottawa. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute. Page 37.
21. There are no gender differences in attitudes or intentions towards vigorous physical activity. Males, however, were more likely to have a sense of control over being physically active and reported encouragement from others over the age of 45. Females reported that a lack of energy and family barriers prevented them from participating in regular physical activity.
Stephens, T. and Craig, C.L. (1990). The Well Being of Canadians: Highlights of the 1988 Campbell's Survey Ottawa. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute. Page 37.
"Physical activity can prevent many health disorders for women. It is important for all women to be provided with opportunities to participate in sport and physical activity."
22. Physical activity can prevent many health disorders for women. Obesity is related to under-activity and overeating, both of which predispose women to heart disease risk, hypertension, adult-onset diabetes, gall bladder disease and possibly cancer. In addition, research indicates that osteoporosis is associated with a sedentary lifestyle. It is important for all women to be provided with opportunities to be physically active.
Wells, C.L. (1990). Women, Sport and Performance: A Physiological Perspective. 2nd edition. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Books.
23. Weight bearing exercise of at least 30 minutes three times a week contributes to the prevention of osteoporosis in menopausal women.
MacPherson, K. (1987). "Osteoporosis: The new flaw in women or in science?" Health Values. July/August. Pages 57-62.
24. There is evidence that exercise can effectively prevent and treat osteoporosis by contributing to the building of maximum bone mass before the age of 35, and maintaining bone mass during the rest of the life cycle.
Lenskyj, Helen (1991). Women, Sport and Physical Activity. Fitness and Amateur Sport. Ottawa. Government of Canada. Page 106.
25. Women who were college athletes reported a lower lifetime prevalence of breast cancers and cancers of the reproductive system, and lower prevalence of diseases affecting the breast and reproductive system than women who were not college athletes.
Frisch, R.E. (1987). "Lower Lifetime Occurrence of Breast Cancer and Cancers of the Reproductive System Among Former College Athletes". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 45(1 Suppl.): 328-335.
26. An exercise program for menopausal women that includes both aerobic training and resistance training may prevent or relieve problems such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, muscle weakness, osteoporosis, and depression. Increases in bone mineral content have been found at lumbar vertebral and distal radial sites in women who participate in exercise programs.
Shangold, M.M. (1990). "Exercise in Menopausal Women". Obstet Gynecol. 75(4 Suppl.):53S-58S.
"There is a positive relationship between mood and physical activity. As physical activity increases, mental state improves."
1. Exercise, both acute and chronic, is associated with an improved psychological state.
Morgan, W.O. (1982). Psychological Benefits of Physical Actively: Sport in Perspective. The Coaching Association of Canada. August.
2. Participation in sport enhances self esteem and self actualization.
Ulrich, C. et al. (1982). Education in the 80's: Physical Education. West Haven, Conneticut.
3. There is a positive relationship between mood and physical activity. As physical activity increases, mental state improves.
Stephens, T. and Craig, C.L. (1990). The Well Being of Canadians: Highlights of the 1988 Campbell's Survey. Ottawa: Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute. Page 32.
4. There is evidence that a positive relationship exists between physical training and selected mental health variables. Physical exercise has positively effected body image and self concept. Physical activity also seems to prevent depression and anxiety.
Van-Andel, G.E. and Austin, D.R. (1984). "Physical Fitness and Mental Health: A Review of the Literature". Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 1(3): 207-220.
5. Physical activity can have a significant effect on mental health. Physically active adults have enhanced self concepts and self esteem, as indicated by increased confidence, assertiveness, emotional stability, independence, and self control.
Seefeldt V. and Vogel, P. (1986). The Value of Physical. Activity. Reston, Virginia. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. Page 2l.
6. Exercise is associated with improvements in mental health including mood state and self esteem. Evidence indicates that benefits associated with exercise are comparable to gains found with standard forms of psychotherapy. For healthy individuals the principal psychological benefit of exercise may be prevention, whereas for those suffering from mild to moderate emotional illness, exercise may function as a means of treatment.
Raglin, J.S. (1990). "Exercise and Mental Health: Beneficial and Detrimental Effects". Sports Medicine. June. Pages 323-329.
7. Regular physical activity is of benefit to both physical and psychological health. Adults that exercise regularly have a better body image. Exercise can be used effectively as a form of psychotherapy.
Kirkcaldy, B.D. and Sheppard, R.J. (1990). "Therapeutic Implications of Exercise". international Journal of Sport Psychology. 21(3): 165-184.
"Sport can help unemployed adults combat depression and feelings of inadequacy."
8.Unemployment can cause many individuals to feel guilty or inadequate. Recreational activities can provide the unemployed with an alternative to work that may help them develop self-confidence and self-esteem and experience satisfaction.
Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation. (1985). The Social Impacts of Recreation Research Report. Page 6.
9. Participation On recreation can provide individuals with an increased regard for their own abilities. It can reduce stress, anxiety and depression and increase satisfaction, well-being and mood control.
Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation. (1985). The Social Impacts of Recreation. Research Report. Page 11.
10. Regular bouts of moderate physical activity reduce the symptoms of mild or moderate depression and anxiety neuroses by improving self image, social skills, mental health, perhaps cognitive functions, and total well-being.
Taylor, C.B., Sallis, J.F., Needle, R. (1985). "The Relation of Physical Activity and Exercise to Mental Health". Public Health Reports. 100: 195-202.
11. Highly stressed individuals and members of psychiatric populations have reported decreases in both state and trait anxiety after exercising.
Brown, R.S. (1987). "Exercise as an Adjunct to the Treatment of Mental Disorders". In: Morgan, W.P., Goldston, S.E., Editors. Exercise and Mental Health. Hemisphere, Washington, D.C.: Hempisphere. Pages 131-137.
12. In a study of athletic and non-athletic college males, it was discovered that athletes were associated with characteristics such as happiness, cordial and affectionate relations, low to moderate anxiety, achievement oriented, dominance and super organizational capacity. Non-athletic males were associated with characteristics such as guilt, acquisition, passivity, rejection, and superior imagination.
Thakur, G. and Thakur, M. (1980). "Personality Differences Between the Athletic and Non-athletic College Malesm. International Journal of Sport Psychology. Page 11.
13. There is clear evidence that physical activity and physical training provides individuals with a more positive self image and therefore results in improvements in mental health.
Eide, R. (1982). "The Relationship between Body Image, Self Image and Physical Activity". Scand J Soc Med Supp. 29: 109-112.
14. Studies have indicated that high level athletes are tough minded, extroverted, have a high pain tolerance, have a high need for achievement, are aggressive, have low levels of tension, are dominant, and have high energy levels. Most high level athletes are also risk takers.
Eysenuck, H.J., Nias, K.K., and Cox, D.N. (1982). "Sport and Personality". Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy. 4(1): 1-56.
"As women engage more actively in sport, they develop skills that are necessary for successful achievement in other areas of life."
15. Level of physical activity was shown to be positively related to general well-being, lower levels of anxiety and depression, and positive moods. The relationship is particularly strong for women and persons 40 years of age and over.
Stephens, T. (1988). 'Physical Activity and Mental Health in the United States and Canada: Evidence from Four Population Surveys". Prev-Med. 17(l): 35-47.
16. As women engage more actively in sport, they develop skills that are necessary for successful achievement in other areas of life.
Duquin, M.E. (1982). "The Importance of Sport in Building Women's Potential". Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. 53(3).
Siegel, A. and McLoone, M. (1980). It's a Girls Game Too. Holt Rinehart and Winston of Canada Ltd.
Hall, A.M. and Richardson, D.A. (1982). Fair Ball Towards Sex Equality an Canadian Sport. Canadian Advisory Committee on the Status of Women.
17. A study in 1978 demonstrated that women athletes were more achievement oriented, tough minded, intelligent, self-sufficient, aggressive and dominant than non-athletes.
Gruber, J. and Perkins (1978). "Personality Traits of Women Physical Education Majors and Non-Majors at Various Levels of Athletic Competition". International Journal of Sport Psychology. Page 9.
18. Research indicates that physical activity can have an effect on the personality of middle aged women. Women that exercise regularly have stronger feelings of well being, and appear to be less depressed during menopause.
Penny, G.D. and Rust, J.0. (1980). J. Sports Med. 20(2): 221-226.
19. In a study involving Canadian women field hockey players, it was discovered that those athletes who were selected to the national team were more aggressive, more interested in leadership and decision making roles, were mentally tougher and scored higher on the emotional stability scale than athletes who were not selected to the national team.
Morris, D. (1975). "A Socio-Psychological Study of Highly Skilled Women Field Hockey Playersm. International Journal of Sport Psychology. Page 6.
20. A study investigating the effects of a jogging-walking program on middle aged women discovered that women who were physically active demonstrated improvements in self-satisfaction and self-acceptance.
Penny, G.D. and Rust, J.0. (1980). "Effect of Walking-Jogging Program on Personality of Middle-Aged Females". Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 20(2): 221-226.
"Disabled athletes have higher self-esteem; greater satisfaction and happiness and more education than disabled non-athletes."
21. Wheelchair athletes adopt many of the psychological characteristics of able bodied athletes. Studies indicate that wheel chair athletes have higher self esteem, and more educational, occupational, and athletic aspirations, when compared to those who are physically disabled and non-athletic.
Hopper, C. and Santomier, J. (1985). "Self Esteem and Aspirations of Wheelchair Athletes". Journal of Social Relations. p(l): 24-35.
22. In a study involving 139 physically disabled athletes and 22 physically disabled non-athletes, it was discovered that disabled athletes had significantly higher self esteem, exhibited greater life satisfaction and happiness, are more externalized, and attain more education than disabled non-athletes.
Valliant, P.M., Bezzubyk, I., Daley, L., and Asu, M.E. (1985). "Psychological Impact of Sport on Disabled Athletes". Psychological Reports. 56(3): 923-929.
"A sport competition motivates adults to remain physically active."
23. A sport competition motivates adults to remain physically active. A goal can be a powerful motivator. Goals should be reviewed regularly to ensure that they are still relevant and achievable.
Olsen, E. (1992). "Sticking with It: Motivation for the Long Haul". Running Times. March. 35:31-32.
24. Goal setting is an important part of motivation in sport and physical activity. Establishing goals and achieving realistic objectives can lead to feelings of competence and personal responsibility.
Grove, R.J. (1984). Motivation and Mental Preparation for Sport. Department for Sport and Recreation. Western Australian Government. Page 7.
25. Individuals, and groups, possess needs for achievement. Success or failure may not be directly related to win-loss records. Realistic goals should be established and adjusted continually.
If goals are set unrealistically high, the goal-setting behaviour may have an adverse motivational effect. If the goals are attainable, goal-setting behaviour will have a positive motivational effect.
Cratty, BJ. (1973). Psychology an Contemporary Sport: Guidelines for Coaches and Athletes. Englewood Cliff, New Jersey. Prentice-Hall.
"Adults participate in sport because it's fun."
1. Adults engage in sport or physical activity for fun or enjoyment.
Canada Fitness Survey (1983). Fitness and Lifestyle in Canada. Ottawa: Fitness and Amateur Sport, Government of Canada.
2. In a study of 525 College students, ninety-five percent of the respondents agreed that sport develops self discipline, 87% agreed that athletes enjoy better health, 85% agreed that sport builds character and citizenship, and 81 % agreed that sport develops leadership qualities.
Nixon, H.L. (1979). "Acceptance of the Dominant American Sports Creed Among College Students". Review of Sport and Leisure. 4:141-159.
3. Studies indicate that top American coaches from a variety of sport are sociable, highly organized, dominant, conscientious, emotionally stable and mature, open and trusting, can freely express aggression, do not depend on others, and are intelligent.
Hendry, L. (1988). "Physical Education and Sports". Sport in Perspective. The Coaching Association of Canada. Page 42.
"Children who have physically active parents are more likely to participate in physical activity."
4. Physical activity among children may be increased by promoting regular physical activity for parents. Children who have physically active parents are more likely to participate in physical activity, than children who do not have physically active parents.
Freedson, P.S. and Evenson, S. (1991). "Familial Aggregation in Physical Activity". Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 62(4): 384-389.
5. In a survey of 500 respondents, nearly 90% considered sport to be valuable in teaching self discipline. Eighty percent felt that sport promoted the development of fair play, and 70% of the respondents felt that sport fostered authority and good citizenship.
Spreitzer, E. and Snyder, E.E. (1975). "The Psychosocial Functions of Sport as Perceived by the General Population". International Review of Sport Psychology. 10(3-4): 87095.
6. Participation in sport leads to improvement in quality of life.
Wankel, L.M. and Beger, B.G. (1990). "The Psychological and Social Benefits of Sport and Physical Activity". Journal of Leisure Research. 22(2).
Seefeldt V.E. (1986). "Physical Activity and Well Being". American Alliance for Health. Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. Reston, VA.
Priest, L.H. (1986). Basic instructions in Physical Education. Washington, D.C.: Office of Educational Research and improvement.
7. There is a clear relationship between social support and participation in vigorous physical activity. Support is very important for not only maintaining, but also starting an activity program.
Stephens, T. and Craig, C.L. (1990). The Well-Being of Canadians: Highlights of the 1988 Campbell's Survey. Ottawa: Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute. Page 39.
"Sport can be a unifying force within communities, cultures and countries."
8. Sport is a major component of many cultures. The Choctaw people, a tribe of American Indians native to the state of Mississippi, approach their sporting activities with great seriousness. Sporting activities for the Choctaw are part of their total lifestyle and cultural heritage.
Blanchard, K. (1981). The Mississippi Choctaws at Play: The Serious Side of Leisure. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
9. Sport can be used as a unifying force within communities. Ethnic groups have used sport as a means of coping with urban living. Sport can help communities grow and develop.
Lewis, C.H.(1976). "Ethnic Sport and Recreation Participation: A View from the Middle of the Tightrope". Proceedings of the American Medical Association National Conference: The Humanistic and Mental Health Aspects of Sports. Exercise. and Recreation. Pages 95-99.
10. Individuals coach for many different reasons. In a study involving 208 male and 73 female volunteer coaches of children and youth, it was discovered that all of them got involved in coaching because of their own interests and enjoyment in sport. It was also discovered that there was inconsistency between the coaching values that were discussed during coaching accreditation courses, and their behaviour during competitive situations. Many coaches were able to make rationale judgements during coaching courses concerning fair play and equality, but were unable to transfer their expressed values into behaviours during games and competitions.
Cornish, J. and Gray, E. (1984). Values, Attitudes and Educational Needs of Junior Sport Coaches. Western Australia: Department of Youth, Sport, and Recreation. Page 1.
"Older adults who exercise regularly can improve cardiovascular endurance, physical work capacity, bone mineral content and, consequently, active and healthy fives."
1. A gradual and sustained loss of bone mass begins in the third to fourth decade of life and continues unrelentingly in all subsequent decades. Physical activity, particularly weight-bearing and strength-building activities, help sustain bone mass and reduces the incidence of trauma-induced fractures. Thus physical activity helps prevent osteoporosis and its consequences, and is recommended in the rehabilitation of the osteoporotic subject.
Smith, E.L., Raab, D.M. (1985). "Osteoporosis and Physical Activity". ACTA Medica Scandinavica Sugplement. 711: 149-156.
2. Mortality from all causes and longevity are influenced by exercise, fitness, and other considerations of lifestyle. Longevity benefits ascribed to high activity were appreciable. Physical activity tends to promote longevity by avoidance of premature death.
Pekkanen, J., Marti, B., Nissinen, A., Tuomilehto, J. (1987). "Reduction of Premature Mortality by Physical Activity: A 20 Year Old Follow-up of Middle Aged Finnish Men". Lancet. 1: 1473-1477.
3. Older adults who exercise regularly can improve cardiovascular endurance, physical work capacity, bone mineral content and, consequently, lead more active and healthy lives.
Sager, K. (1983). "Senior Fitness: For the Health of It". Physician and Sports Medicine. 11(10):31-34,36.
4. A moderate level of physical activity regularly performed will help protect older adults against coronary heart disease, diabetes and hypertension.
Holloszy, J.0. (1983). "Exercise, Health and Aging: A Need for More Information". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 15(l): 1-5.
5. Participation in regular physical activity can improve both the physical and mental well-being of older adults. Activity will help to counterbalance and slow down the aging process, it will maintain and develop strength, flexibility and balance, and it will help reduce the incidence of cardiovascular and musculo-skeletal problems.
Harris, R. (1983). "Exercise and the Aging Process". Annals of the Academy of Medicine. Singapore. p(3): 454-456.
6. Physical activity does prevent coronary atherosclerosis.
Hilb, J.A. (1983). "Physical Activity in the Prevention of Coronary Atherosclerosis". Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association. 81(6): 351-357.
7. Older adults who participate in physical activities tend to be more mobile, stronger, more flexible, and better able to take care of themselves than those who do not participate in physical activities.
Ontario Ministry Of Tourism and Recreation. (1985). The Social Impacts of Recreation. Research Report. Page 13.
8. Older adults who are physically active have more efficient blood circulation and breathing, improved muscle function, improved digestion, less constipation, stronger bones, more supple joints, attractive appearance and manageable body weight, more energy, and improved mobility, when compared to inactive older adults.
Government of Canada. Fitness and Amateur Sport. (1983). Don't Take it Easy: Fitness for the Older Canadian. Page 3.
9.Physical activity deters the depletion of bone minerals and lean body tissue in older adults.
Seefeldt V. and Vogel, P. (1986). The Value of Physical Activity. Reston, Virginia: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. Page 29.
"Sport promotes longevity".
10. Sport promotes longevity.
Seefeldt, V. and Vogel, P. (1986). "The Value of Physical Activity". AAHPERD Publications. Maryland, USA. Regin, C.(1983). "How to Choose a Lifelong Sport". Journal of Humanistic Education and Development. 21(3).
11. Twenty-five elderly patients with peripheral vascular disease and intermittent claudication were continually examined during a six-month period of physical training. Results demonstrated that there was an improvement of hormonal and metabolic balance after physical training. Regular applied physical activity does improve the health status of older adults.
Rosfors, S. et al. (1989). Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 21(1): 7-11.
12. Regular physical activity for the aging can improve cardiopulmonary functioning, lower blood pressure, increase bone mineral content, increase muscular strength and joint flexibility, and improve psychological well-being.
Moore, S.R. (1989). "Walking for Health: A Nurse-managed Activity" Journ. Gerontol. Nurs. 15(7): 26-28.
13. Research clearly indicates that physical activity for older adults enhances stature, physique, balance, equilibrium, muscular tone, bone strength, spinal stability, and mobility.
Piscopo, J. (1979). Indications and Contra indications of Exercise and Activity for Older Persons". Journal of Physical Education and Recreation. 50: 31-34.
14. Regular physical activity can prevent the onset of old age; the age at which adults are not capable of performing desired exercises. If a woman remains physically active, she will enjoy the relative absence of aches and pains. She will be able to continue walking up and down stairs, and will remain some what independent.
Fournier, S.M. and Fine, G.A. (1990). "Jumping Grannies: Exercise as a Buffer Against Becoming 'Old'". Play and Culture. 3:337-342.
15. Older women who participate insufficiently intense levels of physical activity experience significant physical benefits, including increased aerobic capacity, greater flexibility, reduced blood pressure and recovery time, and a lower incidence of osteoporosis.
Goertzen, D. et al. (1984). "The Functional Capacity and Physical Activity Levels of Women over 60 Years of Age". Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 24(l): 30-36.
"Older adults who are physically active have greater abilities to cope with the stresses of aging."
1. Physical activity is very important for older adults. Many psychosomatic diseases are provoked by stress and anxiety. A common reaction to stress for older adults is to freeze; often characterized by inactivity, acceptance, contemplation, reflection and withdrawal. If older adults were more physically active, they would probably be better able to cope with many of the stresses of aging, resulting in a decrease in the severity and frequency of many psychosomatic diseases.
Lachman, S. (1972). Psychosomatic Disorders -A Behaviouristic Interpretation. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Massie, J.F. and Shepard, R.J. (1971). "Physiological and Psychological Effects of Training". Medicine and Science in Sports. 3: 110-117.
2. Older adults who are physically active are more self confident, more independent and enjoy life more than older adults who are sedentary.
Government of Canada. Fitness and Amateur Sport. (1983). Don't Take Easy: Fitness for the Older Canadian.
3. Older adults who are physically active have greater abilities to cope with the stresses of aging.
Hooks, B. and Hooks, E. Jr. (1981). "Needed: Physical Educators on the Nursing Home Team". Physical Educator. 38: 32-34.
4. A reduction in physical activity for older adults will likely heighten anxiety, increase nervous tension and enhance the development of psychosomatic diseases.
Kilpatrick, D., Mcalhany, D., McCurdy, L., Shaw, D., and Roitzsch, J. (1982). "Aging, Alcoholism, Anxiety and Sensation Seeking: An Exploratory Investigation". Addictive Behaviours. 7: 97-100.
5.Older adults who are not physically active will likely experience feelings of helplessness, with a subsequent loss of self esteem.
Zeigler, M. and Reid, D. (1983). "Correlates of changes in Desired Control Scores and in Life Satisfaction Scores among Elderly Persons". International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 16: 135-146.
"Older adults who are physically active have more opportunities for socialization and friendship than those who are inactive."
1. In a study involving adults between 60 and 70 years of age, it was discovered that those who participated in sport during their earlier life cycle stages were more physically active.
Vanreusel, B., Ronson, R. and De-Meyer, H. (1983). "Some Patterns of Participation in Physical Activities among Elderly People". International Review of Sport Sociology. 18(2): 103-114.
2. A study in Poland involving 1,888 subjects aged 50-90 indicated that more than 70% of those who participated in regular physical activity expressed satisfaction with life, while only 42.9% of those who were not active were satisfied.
Wohl, A. and Szwarc, H. (1981). "The Humanistic Content and Values of Sport for Elderly People". International Review of Sport Sociology. 16(4): 5-13.
3. Sports that compliment the rise in environmental awareness and the aging population will be the most popular in the future, such as golf, hiking, and bird watching.
Gregg, A. and Posner, M. (1990). The Big Picture Toronto: McFarlane, Walter and Ross. Page 156.
4. In comparison to children and youth, very few older adults are involved in regular physical activity. Studies have, however, demonstrated that those who were physically active earlier in life are more likely to be physically active in the later years. Research indicates that most older adults have the ability to participate in some type of physical activity, to some degree, and that physical activity can improve the quality of life for many older adults. Studies have indicated that those who remain physically active at an older age may have a 20 to 30 percent greater performance capacity than sedentary older adults of a similar age. It is important, therefore, to provide opportunities for older adults to participate in sport competitions.
McPherson, B.D. (1984). "Sport Participation Across the Life Cycle: A Review of the Literature and Suggestions for Future Research". Sociology of Sport Journal. 1: 213-230.
8. A study involving 80 Belgian seniors between 60 and 70 years of age demonstrated that previous activity levels have a positive influence on the actual activity levels of the subjects, and that those who participate the most in various activities have the highest degree of social contact.
Vanreusel, B., Ronson, R. and DeMayer, H. (1983). "Some Patterns of Participation in Physical Activities among Elderly People". International Review of Sport Sociglogy. 18(2): 103-114.
6.Older adults who are physically active have more opportunities for socialization and friendship than those who are inactive.
Government of Canada. Fitness and Amateur Sport. (1983). Don't Take It Easy: Fitness for the Older Canadian. Page 3.
"Total employment in Belgium due to sport expenditures in Flanders adds up to 55,133 full time equivalencies."
1. It is clear that sport contributes substantially to consumer expenditure and consequent economic wealth. Sport related expenditure exceeds consumer expenditure on newspaper/magazines and radio/TV in Denmark, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
Governments receive substantially greater returns in taxation than they make available in sport expenditure.
It is also therefore clear that sport is of major importance not just for its social and physical benefits but also as a contributor to job creation and employment.
Jones, H. (1990). "The Economic Impact And Importance Of Sport: A Council of Europe Coordinated Study". Sport Science Review. Koeln, FRG. 13:14-20.
Note: This study compared employment in sports and consumer expenditure, government expenditure, and sponsorship expenditure on sport among 10 European countries. It also estimated the return to government (through taxation) generated by sport.
2. One sixth of measurable family spending goes for recreation and leisure related items, which attests to the importance of its place among such competing items as food, clothing and shelter.
John Kettle Incorporated. (1991) Recreation Ontario, 1991-2006, Environmental Factor Analysis And Recreation Sector Impact Anawa. Ontario Ministry Of Tourism And Recreation. Executive Summary. Page 2.
3. Visible expenditures on sport in Iceland in 1987 was $69.1 million. Consumer spending was $37.6 million and voluntary sector expenditure was $31.5 million.
Division for Sport, Ministry of Education. (1990). "The Economic Impact of Sport in Iceland". Sports Information Bulletin. Brussels. 21:1433-1438.
4. It was estimated that 376,000 jobs were sport related in the U.K. This total is similar to the number employed in chemicals and man-made fibres or agriculture, forestry and fishing, and exceeds the number of jobs in the manufacturing of motor vehicles and parts.
Sports related value-added (in the U.K.) exceeds that created by the manufacturing of motor vehicles and parts, drink and tobacco, metals and textiles.
Henley Centre for Forecasting. (1986). The Economic Impact and Importance of Sport in the United Kingdom. a study prepared for the Sports Council. Page 3.
5.Total final expenditures for sport in Belgium was $31 million Belgian francs in 1982. This includes the sum of consumer expenditure, government consumption, gross fixed capital formation and exports, minus imports. This represents 1.4% of the Flemish GDP in 1982.
Total employment in Belgium due to sport expenditures in Flanders adds up to 55,133 full time equivalencies.
Couder, J. & Kesenne, S. 0 990). "The Economic Impact of Sport", Sport Science Review. January. Koeln, FRG. 13:60-63.
6.The Belgian government received $14 billion Belgian francs from Sport in the form of tax returns. On the other hand, the total government expenditures, including government consumption, investment and transfers amounted to approximately $10.5 billion in 1982.
Couder, J. & Kesenne, S. (1990). "The Economic Impact of Sport", Sport Science Review. Koeln, FRG. 13:60-63.
"An Australian study found that if 40% of the population became involved in regular physical activity, the net savings would be $6.5 million per day."
7. With respect to heart disease, it is estimated that there can be a potential savings of $103.75 million for every 10% of the population which is active. With respect to low back pain, the estimated savings was $48.8 million. Considering reduced absenteeism, the savings to industry is $84.8 million for each 10% of the population which is active.
Subtracting the costs of regular physical exercise (due to injury and death) from the benefits (reduced heart disease, low back pain, absenteeism and increased productivity) results in the following net benefits for each percentage of the population who become involved in regular physical activity.
| ADDITIONAL PERCENT OF THE POPULATION TO BECOME INVOLVED IN REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY | ||||
| 10% | 20% | 30% | 40% | |
| NET BENEFIT (Millions of Dollars) |
$590.2 | $1,180.4 | $1,770.7 | $2,360.8 |
The amount of $2,360.8 million represents $6.46 million per day.
Australia Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories. (1988). The Economic Impact of Sports and Recreation - Regular Physical Activity. Canberra, Australia: Australia Government Publishing Service. Page 22.
8. Golf is a $20 billion industry in the U.S. and is expected to double to $40 billion within 10 years. An estimated 20 million people play golf, up 25% in 2 years. Golf enthusiasts tend to be upscale consumers - above average in education and income -the aging, more affluent "baby boomer".
Simmons, W. C. (1989). "The Boom in Golf as Baby Boomers Hit the Links". Business Week. March 27: Pages 76-83.
9. In Arizona, golf was found to create 12,400 full and part time jobs, generating $155,800,800 in wages.
Barkley, Dr. David (1988). "The Economic Contribution of Golf to the Arizona Economy". Technical Bulletin #263. University of Arizona, Department of Agricultural Economics.
"In 1986 the Sport and Fitness industry contributed $5.6 BILLION to the Canadian economy".
1. In 1986, Canadian consumers spent $4.8 BILLION on fitness related goods and services, under the relaxed definition of "fitness expenditures". In addition, the Statistics Canada survey indicates that consumers have been gradually devoting a greater proportion of their spending to fitness related goods and services, rising from 1.3% in the first year under study (1969)to 2.1% for 1986. For the fitness industry, Gross Domestic Product at factor cost totalled $5,637.7 million in 1986 or 1.2% of GDP for the whole economy.
The Conference Board of Canada. (1991). The Fitness Industry in Canada, Summary Report, Research Findings and Issues Associated with Economic Measurement. The Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute.
2. A total of 184,000 jobs or 1.6% of all employment in Canada was generated by the fitness industry in 1986, with retail trade accounting for 41,000 or a quarter of the jobs.
Compared to general consumption, purchases of fitness related goods and services generated more equivalency jobs (226 vs. 161). Although the average wage was smaller for those producing fitness related goods and services compared to that of general consumption, the overall labour income was higher due to the large difference in employment.
The Conference Board of Canada. (1991). The Fitness Industry in Canada, Summary Report, Research Findings and Issues Associated with Economic Measurement. The Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute.
3. In 1986, the Sport and Fitness industry contributed $5.6 BILLION to the Canadian economy.
Impact Media Productions Inc. (1991). "The Benefits of Sports and Recreation". Growing Stronger Video. Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation.
4. In 1986, there were 329,000 jobs associated with sport, fitness and recreation. Purchase of sport and fitness related goods and services created more jobs than general consumption. Government spending of sport and fitness created jobs less expensively than spending in other areas - 33% cheaper.
Impact Media Productions Inc. (1991). "The Benefits of Sports and Recreation". Growing Stronger Video. Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation, Toronto.
"The total annual expenditures on active sport and recreation in Saskatchewan in 1991 was estimated to be $540 million. This direct expenditure generated approximately $350 million in direct economic impact, with indirect spending bringing the total impact close to $700 million."
5. The total expenditures on active sport and recreation in Saskatchewan in 1991 was estimated to be $540 million annually. This direct expenditure generated approximately $350 million in direct economic impact, with indirect spending bringing the total impact close to $700 million. This economic activity added an estimated $270 million to Saskatchewan's Gross Domestic Product, and accounted for 1.4% of total provincial value added.
This economic activity produced approximately $200 million in labour income and over 13,000 person-years of employment annually. This represents 4% of the total provincial non-agricultural employment.
Peat-Marwick, Stevenson and Kellogg (1991). "The Economic Impact of the Sport and Recreation Industry in Saskatchewan". Sask Sport Inc. November. Page 1.
6. In Ontario (1983), the private sector invests some $271 million annually in recreation facilities, the average family in Ontario spends $2,300 a year on recreation. In total, this amounts to $7.3 billion.
Within this, expenditures on equipment and supplies relating to sport activities and those requiring physical exertion amount to $679 million. Added to this is $314 million associated with the purchase of athletic clothing. Thus, the total expenditures related to sport activities and physical exertion can be roughly estimated to be $993 million or almost 1 billion dollars annually (in 1982/83 dollars).
Berger, E. et al. (1983). "Recreation ... A Changing Society's Economic Giant". Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation. Page 28.
7.Professor Ellis provides ... estimates of recreation spending in Ontario in 1981. His essential findings follow:
| Spending on Recreation - Ontario 1981 | $millions |
| Spending by participants | 4,300 |
| Spending by Ontario government | 130 |
| Spending by municipal governments | 315 |
| Capital Spending - all sources | 205 |
| Total | $4,923 |
The spending on recreation translated into direct employment of 104,440 persons - representing 2.5% of employment in Ontario in 1981. The $4,300 spending by participants represents 3.26% of provincial GDP in 1981.
O'Grady, J. (1991). "Economic And Work Related Aspects Of Recreation Policy: Alternative Analyses and Policy Implications". Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation. Pages 96-97.
8. If all adults 20 to 69 years of age reached a modest level of aerobic fitness (through sport), the immediate annual savings in OHIP payments would be $31 million. The associated decrease of coronary factors would lower future OH IP costs by an additional $13 million per year.
Note: This translates into $79.8 million and $33 million respectively when adjusted to the 1990 consumer price index.
Sport B-C Submission to the Government of British Columbia. (1991) "The 2% Solution". Ouality Leadership for Sport. Page 9.
9. Active life, involvement and exercise can save $800 per year on behalf of institutionalized seniors.
Sheppard Roy, J. Economic Benefits of Enhanced Fitness. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers. 1986.
"In Quebec, skiing (alpine) creates more jobs than the manufacturing industry."
10. In Quebec, skiing (alpine) creates more jobs than the manufacturing industry.
Canadian Ski Council. (1991). Ski Facts. January.
11. Revenues from ski expenditures in Ontario created 2,300 full-time seasonal positions and a further 2,500 part-time seasonal positions.
Ruston/Tomany and Associates Ltd. (1990). "The 1990 Ontario Ski Study". The Ontario Ski Resorts Association. August. Page 22.
12. There is a close relationship between recreation (sport) and tourism. A recent study determined that participating in sport events and outdoor activities occurred for 24% of all tourism trips.
Berger E. et al. (1983). "Recreation ... A Changing Society's Economic Giant". Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation. Page 6.
"The amount of time that volunteers work in sports, fitness and recreation is worth half a BILLION dollars annually. This is the same as 22,500 peop1e working full-time forty hour weeks for a year."
13. Twenty five percent (25%) of all adults in Ontario volunteer for a voluntary organization. Twenty percent of these (372,000 people) volunteer for sport, fitness and recreation organizations - coaching, operating clubs and sitting on municipal recreation committees.
The 372,000 adults who volunteer in sport, fitness and recreation organizations commit 45 million hours annually.... Based on Statistics Canada's hourly value of volunteers ($12.80), we can estimate their value to be over half a BILLION dollars annually... This is the same as 22,500 people working full-time forty hour weeks for a year.
They also spend $60 million annually in out of pocket expenses to support their efforts (for which they are not reimbursed)
Volunteers ... are more likely than non-volunteers to make charitable donations to the organizations in which they volunteer.
Abbey-Livingston, D. et al. (1989). Ontario Volunteers in Sport, Fitness and Recreation. The Status of Volunteerism On Sport. Fitness and Recreation in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation.
14. One of the most substantial findings of this study was the unexpectedly large role played by volunteers. The economic as well as the social role value of volunteers is so great that possible reductions in programs designed to encourage or upgrade the skills of volunteers should be regarded with caution.
For sport activities specifically, volunteers spend about 15.5 million hours annually - which is worth about $155 million. These estimates do not include out of pocket expenditures by volunteers in the pursuit of their avocation.
Berger E. et al. (1983). Recreation ... A Changing Society's Economic Giant. Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation. Page 5.
15. Sport and recreation activities in Saskatchewan depends on thousands of volunteers. It is impossible to calculate the economic impact of this volunteer work, but it is safe to assume that much of the measurable economic activity could not take place otherwise.
Peat-Marwick, Stevenson and Kellogg (1991). The Economic Impact of the Sport and Recreation Industry in Saskatchewan. Sask Sport Inc. Page 17.
16. Forty-four percent (44%) of volunteers indicate that volunteer work offers an opportunity for improving their job possibilities. Seventy percent of volunteers deliberately do volunteer work to learn new skills.
Economic Dimensions of Volunteer Work in Canada (1990). Department of Secretary of State.
1. A study of the Economic Impact of an Atom Hockey Tournament in Peterborough found a direct expenditure of $165,165 in the city of Peterborough - mostly due to hotel accommodation.
Marsh, J.S. (1984). "The Economic Impact of a Small City Annual Sporting Event: An Initial Case Study of the Peterborough Church League Atom Hockey Tournament". Recreation Research Review. 11 (1).
2. A study of the economic impact of a three day, old-timers hockey tournament in south west Ontario (56 teams, 1,096 registered participants) found that total expenditures by participants and families was $282,371. Using a multiplier of 1.2, the total economic impact was estimated to be $338,885 - a total of $309.17 per registrant.
Yardley, JX, MacDonald J.H., Clarke, B.D. (1990). "The Economic Impact of a Small Short-term Recreation Event on a Local Economy". Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. Champaign, Illinois. 8(4): 71-82.
"The total economic impact of a three day old-timers hockey tournament with 56 teams was estimated to be $338,885 or $309.17 per participant."
The table that follows presents estimates of the total local economic impact for specific sporting events held by a small sample of Provincial Sport Organizations (PSOs). The impact was calculated using the ECOMODIM Event Impact Model.
We note that the impact figures are quite conservative, given a number of sports hold more than the ONE event for which the impact was calculated. The economic impact for the list of single events for the six Provincial Sport Organizations listed totals over 7 million dollars.
There are 81 recognized Provincial Sport Organizations in Ontario. Based on the very modest estimate of 1 million dollars per sport, PSOs contribute through the running of events minimally
81 million dollars per annum to the Ontario economy.
Note: The Economic Impact Model for Events and Games (ECOMODIM), Lotus version developed by Richard Mairet and Jen-Willy Ileka. Department of Leisure Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario. Ministry of Tourism and Recreation, Recreation Division version compiled by Brady Thompson, Recreation Division, Ministry of Tourism and Recreation.
Economic Impact on the Host Community for Selected Sporting Events in Ontario
| SPORT | EVENTS (1991-92) |
IMPACT PER EVENT ($) | NUMBER OF EVENTS PER YEAR |
| Baseball | Provincial Championships | 85,875 | 48 Provincial Championship Tournaments; 160 Other Tournaments |
| Baseball Total | 85,875 | ||
| Ringette | Provincial AA Championships | 1,179,133 | |
| Provincial A Championships | 401,147 | 10 Events Per Year | |
| Invitational Tournament (based on average size of event) | 369,147 | 64 Events Per Year | |
| Ringette Total | 2,857,778 | ||
| Rugby | Scotland vs Ontario | 172,712 | |
| National Under 17 | 233,379 | ||
| Lindsay Ocktoberfest | 82,728 | ||
| Magnificent 7's | 177,849 | ||
| Rugby Total | 666,668 | ||
| Swimming | L. C. Summer Nationals | 588,756 | |
| S.C. Age Group Champs | 792,081 | ||
| Swimming Total | 1,380,837 | ||
| Tennis | Sun Life Nationals | 1,431,679 | |
| Bacardi Indoor | 60,690 | ||
| Tennis Total | 1,492,369 | ||
| Volleyball | World League | 243,664 | |
| Senior National Championship | 198,527 | ||
| Midget Junior Championship | 98,282 | ||
| Juvenile Championship | 98,282 | ||
| Junior Championship | 31,165 | ||
| Bantam Championship | 5,024 | ||
| AA Provincial Championship | 3,179 | ||
| A Provincial Championship | 33,323 | ||
| B Provincial Championship | 23,236 | ||
| Intermediate Championship | 13,227 | ||
| A Open | 11,893 | ||
| Midget Challenge Cup | 14,483 | ||
| Volleyball Total | 774,285 |
Let's look into the future for a moment. Our communities will be full of healthy, active people because you convinced just one more family to join your organizaton and because you and your committee were able to raise $1,000.00 from a local company to support your junior development program.
You can make a difference.
For the Love of Sport, it's time to act.
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